Ufirlandisg

Jiudisg/Lexicon

Introduction

Ufirlandisg (Ufirlandisg: zieudisg māl /ˈt͡ʃjəwtʲisk ˈmaːɫ/; from PGmc *þiudiskaz) is an alternate history Germanic language inspired by Mandarin and the Pfeunic language Qiāmxdier. It is spoken in the area of real-world France.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Nasal		m m	mı mʲ	n n̪	nı nʲ
Stop /Affricate	tenuis	b p	bı pʲ	d t̪, z t̪s	dı tʲ	j tʃ	g k
	aspirated	p pʰ	pı pʲʰ	t t̪ʰ	tı tʲʰ	q tʃʰ	k kʰ
Fricative		f f	fı fʲ	s s		x ʃ		h h
Approximant	central	w w	yu ɥ	r, rı ɹ		y j
	lateral			l ɫ	lı lʲ

Jiudisg has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.

When consonants written with ı is followed by a vowel, the ı is replaced with an i (except with /i/ and /iː/).

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/, ü /y/	ī /iː/, ǖ /yː/			u /u/	ū /uː/
Close-mid			e, (i)e, (yu)e /ə/	ē /ɤː/
Mid	(i)a, (yu)e, (ü)e, (u)e [ɛ]	(i)ā, (yu)ē, (ü)ē, (u)ē [ɛː]	[ə]	er /ɜː/		(u)ō /ɔː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ai ao iu ar/ār/our ēr ier/īr/ir our/ūr/ur/uor ür/üer/yuer /aj aw jəw ɑɚ ɝː jɛɚ ɔɚ~oɚ ɥœɚ/

In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels a, e correspond to the soft vowels ie/yue/üe/ue, i.

Morphology

Nouns

Ufirlandisg nouns have 2 numbers and 2 cases, but no grammatical gender. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms. The nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. The genitive is thus also used as a dative: jac gaf se cüenar en apel. /jac kaf sə ˈtɕɥœnɑɹ ən ˈapʰəɫ/ 'I gave the woman an apple.'

The indefinite article is indeclinable: e is used before consonants and en before vowels. The definite article is likewise always se.

a-stems

Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).

a-stem: dal 'valley'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dal	dale
Genitive	dale	dalem

ja-stem: namen 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	namen	namne
Genitive	namne	namnem

ja-stem: baś 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	baś	basi
Genitive	basi	basim

Vowel stems

This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).

ō-stem: nasa 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nasa	nasar
Genitive	nasar	nasam

u-stem: süda 'custom'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	süda	südar
Genitive	südar	südam

i-stem: geburzie 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geburzie	geburzier
Genitive	geburzier	geburziem

īn-stem: langinie 'length'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	langinie	langinier
Genitive	langinier	langiniem

z-stem: lambie 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lambie	lambier
Genitive	lambier	lambiem

r-stems

This class includes only these kinship terms: fadier 'father', mādier 'mother', brāzier 'brother', dūtier 'daughter', süeśtier (gen. sg. süestra) 'sister'.

r-stem: fadier 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrar
Genitive	fadrar	fadram

Other irregular nouns

muon 'man'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	muon	manier
Genitive	manier	muonam

Pronouns

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive
			'he'	'she'	'it'
nom.	jac	zū	ir	sī	it	wīr	jūr	jā	-
acc.	mik	zik	ina	ija	it	unś	jouwe, jou	jā	sik
dat.	mir	zir	ime	jare	ime	unś	jouwe, jou	imi	sir
gen.	mīn	zīn	jas	jarar	jas	unsier	jour	jara	sīn

Adjectives

Most adjectives take -a (for hard stems) or -ie (for soft stems) if it is definite or plural: cf. se liau watnie 'the lukewarm water' vs. liau watnie 'lukewarm water' vs. se watnie iś liau 'the water is lukewarm'.

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -iesd: suōt, suōtier, suōtiesd 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gād	batier	basd
"bad"	ubiel	wirsier	wirsd
"many"	füel	mēr	mēsd
"high"	hau	hawier	hafsd
"near"	niau	niawier	niafsd

Verbs

The verbal system is the most conservative part of Zieudisggrammar. Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.

Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.

Thematic verbs

-an verbs

This is the most productive class of verbs.

makan 'to make'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	maka	makaś	makaź	makam	makaz	makanź
present subjunctive	maka	makas	maka	makam	makaz	makan
past indicative	makadie	makadiesd	makadie	makadiem	makadied	makadien
past subjunctive	makadi	makadisd	makadi	makadim	makadid	makadin
imperative	-	maka!	-	-	makaz!	-
present participle	makand
past participle	makad

Also: liaufan 'love', lirnan 'learn'

-in verbs

rēcin 'to reach'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	rēci	rēciś	rēciź	rēcim	rēciz	rēcinź
present subjunctive	rēci	rēcis	rēci	rēcim	rēciz	rēcin
past indicative	rēcidie	rēcidiesd	rēcidie	rēcidiem	rēcidied	rēcidien
past subjunctive	rēcidi	rēcidisd	rēcidi	rēcidim	rēcidid	rēcidin
imperative	-	rēci!	-	-	rēciz!	-
present participle	rēcind
past participle	rēcid

Also: arbēdin 'work'; haurin 'hear'; lērin 'teach'; sagin 'say'; ertalin 'tell, recount'; ranin 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Verbs with a long vowel and dental suffix t in the past tense, e.g. bringin, brātie, brāt 'bring'; bugin, būtie, būt 'buy'; zancin, zātie, zāt - 'think' form a small subclass of the -in verbs.

Athematic verbs

Strong class 1

bīten 'to bite'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	bīta	bītier	bītiedı	bītem	bītied	bītendı
present subjunctive	bīte	bīter	bīte	bītem	bīted	bīten
past indicative	bēt	bētsd	bēt	bētam	bētad	bētan
past subjunctive	biti	bitisd	biti	bitim	bitid	bitin
imperative	-	bīt!	-	-	bītied!	-
present participle	bītend
past participle	biten

Also: śgīnen, sgēn, śginen 'shine', drīfen, drēf, drifen 'drive', clīfen, clēf, clifen 'stick, cling', rīten, rēt, riten 'write'

Strong class 2

ciausen 'to choose'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	ciausa	ciausier	ciausiedı	ciausem	ciausied	ciausendı
present subjunctive	ciause	ciauser	ciause	ciausem	ciaused	ciausen
past indicative	caus	causd	caus	causam	causad	causan
past subjunctive	curi	curisd	curi	curim	curid	curin
imperative	-	ciaus!	-	-	ciausied!	-
present participle	ciausend
past participle	curen

Also: biauden, baud, buden 'offer, bid', biaugen, baug, bugen 'bow', fliaugen, flaug, flugen 'fly', fliauwen, flau, fluwen 'flee, escape', friausen, fraus, fruren 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	binda	bindier	bindiedı	bindem	bindied	bindendı
present subjunctive	binde	binder	binde	bindem	binded	binden
past indicative	band	bandsd	band	bandam	bandad	bandan
past subjunctive	bundi	bundisd	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindied!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: bieginen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drincen, dranc, druncen 'drink'; finzen, fanz, funzen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; wierpen, warp, wurpen 'throw'; zringen, zrang, zrungen 'press, force, push through'

Strong class 4

In Jiudisg, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	biara	biarier	biariedı	biarem	biaried	biarendı
present subjunctive	biare	biarer	biare	biarem	biared	biaren
past indicative	bar	barsd	bar	baram	barad	baran
past subjunctive	buri	burisd	buri	burim	burid	burin
imperative	-	biar!	-	-	biaried!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', cüemen, kam, kumen 'come', sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken 'speak', śdialen, sdal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasg, drasg, drusgen 'thresh', śdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen 'die'

Strong class 5

giafen 'to give'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	giafa	giafier	giafiedı	giafem	giafied	giafendı
present subjunctive	giafe	giafer	giafe	giafem	giafed	giafen
past indicative	gaf	gafsd	gaf	gafam	gafad	gafan
past subjunctive	giafi	giafisd	giafi	giafim	giafid	giafin
imperative	-	giaf!	-	-	giafied!	-
present participle	giafend
past participle	giafen

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten 'forget', liasen, las, liaren 'read', siawen, saw, siawen 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidin, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', ligin, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

grafen 'to dig'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	grafa	grafier	grafiedı	grafem	grafied	grafendı
present subjunctive	grafe	grafer	grafe	grafem	grafed	grafen
past indicative	grāf	grāfsd	grāf	grāfam	grāfad	grāfan
past subjunctive	grafi	grafisd	grafi	grafim	grafid	grafin
imperative	-	graf!	-	-	grafied!	-
present participle	grafend
past participle	grafen

Also: faren, fār, faren 'spread', slagen, slāg, slagen 'strike', sdanden, sdānd, sdanden 'stand', wagsen, wāgs, wagsen 'grow', wasgen, wāsg, wasgen 'wash', jaten, jāt, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called

laupen, liaup, liaupen - to leap

sdauten, śdiaut, śdiauten - to bump, crash

fān, fādie, fād - to get, to obtain (regularized)

hald, hiald, hialden - to hold

liāten, līt, liāten - to let

siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)

Preterite-present verbs

witen 'to know'

witen 'to know'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	wōt	wōsd	wōt	witam	witad	witan
present subjunctive	witi	witir	witi	witim	witid	witin
past indicative	wiśdie	wiśdiesd	wiśdie	wiśdiem	wiśdied	wiśdien
past subjunctive	wiśdi	wiśdisd	wiśdi	wiśdim	wiśdid	wiśdin
imperative	-	wisd!	-	-	witad!	-
present participle	witend
past participle	wisd

cunen 'can'

cunen 'can'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	can	cansd	can	cunam	cunad	cunan
present subjunctive	cuni	cunir	cuni	cunim	cunid	cunin
past indicative	cundie	cundiesd	cundie	cundiem	cundied	cundien
past subjunctive	cundi	cundisd	cundi	cundim	cundid	cundin

Similarly sgulen 'should', zurfen 'must'.

magen 'may'

magen 'may'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	mag	magsd	mag	magam	magad	magan
present subjunctive	magi	magir	magi	magim	magid	magin
past indicative	mātie	mātiesd	mātie	mātiem	mātied	mātien
past subjunctive	māti	mātisd	māti	mātim	mātid	mātin

Other irregular verbs

yülen 'want to, will'

yülen 'want to, will'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	yǖ	yǖsd	yǖ	yǖm	yǖd	yǖn
present subjunctive	yüli	yülir	yüli	yülim	yülid	yülin
past indicative	yüldie	yüldiesd	yüldie	yüldiem	yüldied	yüldien
past subjunctive	yüldi	yüldisd	yüldi	yüldim	yüldid	yüldin

biaon 'be'

biaon 'to be'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	im	ir	ix	üram	ürad	üranź
present subjunctive	sije	sijer	sije	sijem	sijed	sijen
past indicative	was	wasd	was	yuēram	yuērad	yuēran
past subjunctive	wiēri	wiērisd	wiēri	wiērim	wiērid	wiērin
imperative	-	biau!	-	-	biaud!	-
present participle	wiesend
past participle	wiēren

han 'have (auxiliary)'

han 'to have (auxiliary)'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	ha	hax	haj	ham	haz	hanj
present subjunctive	hafe	hafis	hafi	hafim	hafiz	hafin
past indicative	hadie	hadiesd	hadie	hadiem	hadied	hadien
past subjunctive	hadi	hadisd	hadi	hadim	hadid	hadin
imperative	-	ha!	-	-	haz!	-
present participle	hafind
past participle	had

dān 'do'

dān 'to do'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	dā	dāx	dāj	dām	dāz	dānj
present subjunctive	dā	dās	dā	dām	dāz	dān
past indicative	diadie	diadiesd	diadie	diadiem	diadied	diadien
past subjunctive	diadi	diadisd	diadi	diadim	diadid	diadin
imperative	-	dā!	-	-	dāz!	-
present participle	dānd
past participle	dān

gān 'go'

gān 'to go'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	gā	gāx	gāj	gām	gāz	gānj
present subjunctive	gā	gās	gā	gām	gāz	gān
past indicative	jiang	jiangsd	jiang	jiangam	jiangad	jiangan
past subjunctive	jianji	jianjisd	jianji	jianjim	jianjid	jianjin
imperative	-	gā!	-	-	gāz!	-
present participle	gānd
past participle	jiangen

Derivational morphology

• and-: 'de-, dis-'
• bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
  • biekrīten 'complain about' < krīten 'complain'
  • bierīten 'describe' < rīten 'write'
  • biexingen 'praise' < xingen 'sing'
• -bier: '-able'
  • yatebier 'edible' < yaten 'to eat'
• er-: telic
• fer-: "for-"
  • ferwundran 'surprise, amaze' < wunder 'wonder, miracle'
• for-: "fore-"
• -ful: "-ful"
• ge-
  • gebiaren 'give birth' < biaren 'bear, carry'
• -hēd: -ness, -hood
• -ig: forms adjectives from nouns
• -laos: "-less"
• -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns
  • wurdlik 'literal' < wurd 'word'
• -nes: forms nouns from verbs
• -sam: "-some"
• un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
  • unrāwa 'unrest, unease'
• -unga: forms nouns from verbs
  • hētinunga 'heating' < hētin 'to heat'

Prepositions

Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix -za.

Numbers

• 1: ēn /ɤːn/ (ordinal ērsd)
• 2: tuō /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal anjier)
• 3: zrī /tsɹiː/
• 4: fiur /fʲɔɚ/
• 5: finf /fʲinf/
• 6: siags /ʃaks/
• 7: xuef /ʃɥœf/
• 8: āta /ˈaːtʰa/
• 9: niaon /nʲaun/
• 10: tiaon /tʲʰaun/
• 11: ēnlif
• 12: tuōlif
• 13: zrītiun
• 14: fiurtiun
• 15: finftiun
• 16: siagstiun
• 17: xueftiun
• 18: āttiun
• 19: niaontiun
• 20: tuōntig
• 30: zrītig
• 40: fiurtig
• 50: finftig
• 60: siagstig
• 70: xueftig
• 80: āttig
• 90: niaontig
• 100: hundrad
• 1000: zūsandı

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is V2 (also SAuxVO), but is VSO in questions and VO in imperatives:

sī ix mīn lērarı.

She is my teacher.

Jiasdern jiang jac bujin ubati.

Yesterday I went to buy fruit.

Wōsd zū zat ēnq?

Don't you know that?

Yat jīn krūtsakar!

Eat your vegetables!

Verbs are negated with ēnq:

jac fersdanda ēnq huat zū sajix.

I don't understand what you're saying.

Phrasebook

• Gād murgen! [kaːt ˈmɔɚkɨn] - Good morning!
• Gād dag! [kaːt tak] - Hello! Good day!
• Gād yuēfend! [kaːt ˈɥœːfɨnd] - Good evening!
• Gād nātie! [kaːt ˈnaːtʲɛ] - Good night!
• Yuelkumen! [ˈɥœɫkumɨn] - Welcome!
• jac hēta... [jac ˈhɤːtʰa...] - My name is...
• Zanke! [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you!