Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "{{privatelang}} (still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article) {{Infobox language |name={{PAGENAME}} |nativename=*hōsanorzka |states=Northern Kievan Rus |fam1=Indo-European |fam2=Germanic |fam3=North Germanic |script1=Latn |ancestor=Proto-Norse |ancestor4={{PAGENAME}} |creator=Melinoë |familycolor=Indo-European |iso3=phus |notice=IPA }} {{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic sta..."
 
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mál'' and ''mál''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mál'' and ''mál''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.


The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.
The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).
Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. ''-at'' appears as ''-t'' after vowels.
Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. ''-at'' appears as ''-t'' after vowels.
 
The plural imperative is usually ''-ið'', but it's occasionally seen as ''-að'', the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
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=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
Class 1 is defined by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grīpa|type=1|grīp|grip}}
 
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljūga|type=2|ljūg|lug}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gæta|paspar=t|type=5|gæt|gāt}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gægg|1i=gægg}}
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.
====Weak verbs====
Weak verbs are defined by a ''-þ-'' in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.


====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bøygja'', is a j-weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=bøygja|bøyg|bøygþ|1j=bøygj|2s=bøygts}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}


This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hafa|haf|hafþ}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
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This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}
The regularized ''wæs-'' root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with ''wāʀ-'' retained for the past)


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| fæðwiʀ
| fæþwiʀ
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| æinði
| æinþi
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| twæiði
| twæiþi
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| þrīði
| þrīþi
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| fæðði (< *fæðwiði)
| fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
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|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| *ny(n)ði
| *ny(n)þi
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| *ty(n)ði
| *ty(n)þi
|-
|-
|}
|}
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V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
:'''''Ari wæʀi soltin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari wæsi soltin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari wæʀi soltin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari wæsi soltin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''soltin wæʀi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''soltin wæsi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
 
==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

Revision as of 00:08, 31 March 2026


(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hōsanorzka
Created byMelinoë
Native toNorthern Kievan Rus
Indo-European
  • Germanic
    • North Germanic
      • Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form
Proto-Norse
Language codes
ISO 639-3phus
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant. Also note that ʀ was historically written z, though the sound is reconstructed as *[ʝ].)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hósanorzka (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is poorly understood at best, it seems to follow Old Norse for the most part, but misses some of the vital shifts that define Old Norse.

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricative Unvoiced f~v θ~ð s x
Voiced ʀ¹
Approximant Unvoiced ʍ² r̥, l̥
Voiced w r, l³ j
  1. probably [ʝ].
  2. exact value unknown.
  3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.
Front Back
Unround Round
High i y u
Mid-High e ø o
Mid-Low ɛ œ¹ ɔ
Low a
  1. it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/

Orthography

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Common patterns

Inflection of avlj (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlj avljī avlé avléní
accusative avl avlī avla avlana
vocative j'avl j'avlī j'avla j'avlana
dative avli avlinū avlū avlunū
genitive avlis avlinūs avlūs avlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlsj avlsjī avlsé avlséní
accusative avls avlsī avlsa avlsana
vocative j'avls j'avlsī j'avlsa j'avlsana
dative avlsi avlsinū avlsū avlsunū
genitive avlsis avlsinūs avlsūs avlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlgj avlgjī avlgé avlgéní
accusative avlg avlgī avlga avlgana
vocative j'avlg j'avlgī j'avlga j'avlgana
dative avlgi avlginū avlgū avlgunū
genitive avlgis avlginūs avlgūs avlgunūs
Inflection of új (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative új újī úvé úvéní
accusative ú úvī úva úvana
vocative j'ú j'úvī j'úva j'úvana
dative úvi úvinū úvū úvunū
genitive úvis úvinūs úvūs úvunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úsj úsjī úsé úséní
accusative ús úsī úsa úsana
vocative j'ús j'úsī j'úsa j'úsana
dative úsi úsinū úsū úsunū
genitive úsis úsinūs úsūs úsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úgj úgjī úgé úgéní
accusative úg úgī úga úgana
vocative j'úg j'úgī j'úga j'úgana
dative úgi úginū úgū úgunū
genitive úgis úginūs úgūs úgunūs


Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ǿ ójī alí alíní
accusative ó alī ali alina
vocative j'ó j'alī j'ali j'alina
dative ali alinū alū alunū
genitive alis alinūs alūs alunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī ósí ósíní
accusative ós ósī ósi ósina
vocative j'ós j'ósī j'ósi j'ósina
dative ósi ósinū ósū ósunū
genitive ósis ósinūs ósūs ósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ógj ógjī ógí ógíní
accusative óg ógī ógi ógina
vocative j'óg j'ógī j'ógi j'ógina
dative ógi óginū ógū ógunū
genitive ógis óginūs ógūs ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ásj ásjī æsí æsíní
accusative ás ásī ási ásina
vocative j'ás j'ásī j'ási j'ásina
dative ási ásinū ásū ásunū
genitive ásis ásinūs ásūs ásunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ássj ássjī æssí æssíní
accusative áss ássī ássi ássina
vocative j'áss j'ássī j'ássi j'ássina
dative ássi ássinū ássū ássunū
genitive ássis ássinūs ássūs ássunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative áskj áskjī æskí æskíní
accusative ásk áskī áski áskina
vocative j'ásk j'áskī j'áski j'áskina
dative áski áskinū áskū áskunū
genitive áskis áskinūs áskūs áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.


Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlj najljī najl najliní
accusative najl najlī najl najlina
vocative j'najl j'najlī j'najl j'najlina
dative najli najlinū najlū najlunū
genitive najlis najlinūs najlūs najlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlsj najlsjī najls najlsiní
accusative najls najlsī najls najlsina
vocative j'najls j'najlsī j'najls j'najlsina
dative najlsi najlsinū najlsū najlsunū
genitive najlsis najlsinūs najlsūs najlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlgj najlgjī najlg najlginí
accusative najlg najlgī najlg najlgina
vocative j'najlg j'najlgī j'najlg j'najlgina
dative najlgi najlginū najlgū najlgunū
genitive najlgis najlginūs najlgūs najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjī fygg fygginí
accusative figg figgī fygg fyggina
vocative j'figg j'figgī j'fygg j'fyggina
dative figgi figginū figgū figgunū
genitive figgis figginūs figgūs figgunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgsj figgsjī fyggs fyggsiní
accusative figgs figgsī fyggs fyggsina
vocative j'figgs j'figgsī j'fyggs j'fyggsina
dative figgsi figgsinū figgsū figgsunū
genitive figgsis figgsinūs figgsūs figgsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjjī fyggj fyggjiní
accusative figgj figgjī fyggj fyggjina
vocative j'figgj j'figgjī j'fyggj j'fyggjina
dative figgji figgjinū figgjū figgjunū
genitive figgjis figgjinūs figgjūs figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nasj nasjī nasé naséní
accusative nas nasī nasa nasana
vocative j'nas j'nasī j'nasa j'nasana
dative nasi nasinū nasū nasunū
genitive nasis nasinūs nasūs nasunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nassj nassjī nassé nasséní
accusative nass nassī nassa nassana
vocative j'nass j'nassī j'nassa j'nassana
dative nassi nassinū nassū nassunū
genitive nassis nassinūs nassūs nassunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative naskj naskjī naské naskéní
accusative nask naskī naska naskana
vocative j'nask j'naskī j'naska j'naskana
dative naski naskinū naskū naskunū
genitive naskis naskinūs naskūs naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akka akkā akký akkýní
accusative akku akkū akký akkýna
vocative j'akku j'akkū j'akký j'akkýna
dative akki akkinū akkū akkunū
genitive akkis akkinūs akkūs akkunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akksa akksā akksý akksýní
accusative akksu akksū akksý akksýna
vocative j'akksu j'akksū j'akksý j'akksýna
dative akksi akksinū akksū akksunū
genitive akksis akksinūs akksūs akksunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akkja akkjā akkjý akkjýní
accusative akkju akkjū akkjý akkjýna
vocative j'akkju j'akkjū j'akkjý j'akkjýna
dative akkji akkjinū akkjū akkjunū
genitive akkjis akkjinūs akkjūs akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mó málit mó málī
accusative mó málit mó málī
vocative j'mó j'málit j'mó j'málī
dative máli málinū málū málunū
genitive mális málinūs málūs málunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mós mósit mós mósī
accusative mós mósit mós mósī
vocative j'mós j'mósit j'mós j'mósī
dative mósi mósinū mósū mósunū
genitive mósis mósinūs mósūs mósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative móg mógit móg mógī
accusative móg mógit móg mógī
vocative j'móg j'mógit j'móg j'mógī
dative mógi móginū mógū mógunū
genitive mógis móginūs mógūs mógunūs
Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
accusative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
vocative j'ísladd j'ísladdit j'ísladd j'ísladdī
dative ísladdi ísladdinū ísladdū ísladdunū
genitive ísladdis ísladdinūs ísladdūs ísladdunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
accusative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
vocative j'ísladds j'ísladdsit j'ísladds j'ísladdsī
dative ísladdsi ísladdsinū ísladdsū ísladdsunū
genitive ísladdsis ísladdsinūs ísladdsūs ísladdsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
accusative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
vocative j'ísladdg j'ísladdgit j'ísladdg j'ísladdgī
dative ísladdgi ísladdginū ísladdgū ísladdgunū
genitive ísladdgis ísladdginūs ísladdgūs ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sý sǿt sélí sǿ
accusative sélā sǿt séla sǿ
dative séli séli sélū sélū
genitive sélis sélis sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sǿjī sǿtit sélíní sélī
accusative sélī sǿtit sélana sélī
dative sélinū sélinū sélunū sélunū
genitive sélinūs sélinūs sélunūs sélunūs
Comparative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélé sélat sélarí séla
accusative sélarā sélat sélara séla
dative sélari sélari sélū sélū
genitive sélaris sélaris sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélajī sélatit sélaríní sélarī
accusative sélarī sélatit sélarana sélarī
dative sélarinū sélarinū sélarunū sélarunū
genitive sélarinūs sélarinūs sélarunūs sélarunūs
Superlative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastj sélast sélastí sélast
accusative sélastā sélast sélasta sélast
dative sélasti sélasti sélustū sélustū
genitive sélastis sélastis sélustūs sélustūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastjī sélastit sélastíní sélastī
accusative sélastī sélastit sélastana sélastī
dative sélastinū sélastinū sélustunū sélustunū
genitive sélastinūs sélastinūs sélustunūs sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns
singular 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ak, a(h)¹, k', a' þú, þ', u' — hán þat, þan²
accusative mik, mi(h)¹ þik, þi(h)¹ sik, si(h)¹
dative mí þí sí háni þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive mínj þínj sínj hánj þatj, þanj¹
plural 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ví, ý í — þí þò
accusative os i, í sik, si(h)¹ þé, þí
dative osj í sí þè
genitive ork ivé sinj þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. -at appears as -t after vowels.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.


Class 1

Class 1 is defined by -ī- in the present and -i- in the past.

Conjugation of grīpa — (strong class 1)
present past
infinitive grīpa gripa
participle grīpaddi gripþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk grīpuʀ grīpiʀ grīp gripu gripi grip
þū grīpuʀ grīpiʀ gript gript
hān grīpuʀ grīpiʀ gripu gripi
wīʀ grīpum grīpim grīpiþ, -aþ gripum gripim gripiþ, -aþ
īʀ grīpuþ grīpiþ gripuþ gripiþ
þæiʀ grīpun grīpin gripun gripin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk grīpusk grīpisk grīpsk gripusk gripisk gripsk
þū grīpusk grīpisk griptsk griptsk
hān grīpusk grīpisk gripusk gripisk
wīʀ grīpumsk grīpimsk grīpitsk, -atsk gripumsk gripimsk gripitsk, -atsk
īʀ grīputsk grīpitsk griputsk gripitsk
þæiʀ grīpunsk grīpinsk gripunsk gripinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2
Conjugation of ljūga — (strong class 2)
present past
infinitive ljūga luga
participle ljūgaddi lugþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk ljūguʀ ljūgiʀ ljūg lugu lugi lug
þū ljūguʀ ljūgiʀ lugt lugt
hān ljūguʀ ljūgiʀ lugu lugi
wīʀ ljūgum ljūgim ljūgiþ, -aþ lugum lugim lugiþ, -aþ
īʀ ljūguþ ljūgiþ luguþ lugiþ
þæiʀ ljūgun ljūgin lugun lugin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk ljūgusk ljūgisk ljūgsk lugusk lugisk lugsk
þū ljūgusk ljūgisk lugtsk lugtsk
hān ljūgusk ljūgisk lugusk lugisk
wīʀ ljūgumsk ljūgimsk ljūgitsk, -atsk lugumsk lugimsk lugitsk, -atsk
īʀ ljūgutsk ljūgitsk lugutsk lugitsk
þæiʀ ljūgunsk ljūginsk lugunsk luginsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3
Conjugation of sykka — (strong class 3)
present past
infinitive sykka sukka
participle sykkaddi sukkþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk sykkuʀ sykkiʀ sykk sukku sukki sukk
þū sykkuʀ sykkiʀ sukkt sukkt
hān sykkuʀ sykkiʀ sukku sukki
wīʀ sykkum sykkim sykkiþ, -aþ sukkum sukkim sukkiþ, -aþ
īʀ sykkuþ sykkiþ sukkuþ sukkiþ
þæiʀ sykkun sykkin sukkun sukkin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk sykkusk sykkisk sykksk sukkusk sukkisk sukksk
þū sykkusk sykkisk sukktsk sukktsk
hān sykkusk sykkisk sukkusk sukkisk
wīʀ sykkumsk sykkimsk sykkitsk, -atsk sukkumsk sukkimsk sukkitsk, -atsk
īʀ sykkutsk sykkitsk sukkutsk sukkitsk
þæiʀ sykkunsk sykkinsk sukkunsk sukkinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 4
Class 5
Conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)
present past
infinitive gæta gāta
participle gætaddi gāttăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk gætuʀ gætiʀ gæt gātu gāti gāt
þū gætuʀ gætiʀ gātt gātt
hān gætuʀ gætiʀ gātu gāti
wīʀ gætum gætim gætiþ, -aþ gātum gātim gātiþ, -aþ
īʀ gætuþ gætiþ gātuþ gātiþ
þæiʀ gætun gætin gātun gātin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk gætusk gætisk gætsk gātusk gātisk gātsk
þū gætusk gætisk gāttsk gāttsk
hān gætusk gætisk gātusk gātisk
wīʀ gætumsk gætimsk gætitsk, -atsk gātumsk gātimsk gātitsk, -atsk
īʀ gætutsk gætitsk gātutsk gātitsk
þæiʀ gætunsk gætinsk gātunsk gātinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 6
Class 7
Conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)
present past
infinitive gagga gægga
participle gaggaddi gæggþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk gægguʀ gaggiʀ gagg gæggu gæggi gægg
þū gægguʀ gaggiʀ gæggt gæggt
hān gægguʀ gaggiʀ gæggu gæggi
wīʀ gaggum gaggim gaggiþ, -aþ gæggum gæggim gæggiþ, -aþ
īʀ gagguþ gaggiþ gægguþ gæggiþ
þæiʀ gaggun gaggin gæggun gæggin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk gaggusk gaggisk gaggsk gæggusk gæggisk gæggsk
þū gaggusk gaggisk gæggtsk gæggtsk
hān gaggusk gaggisk gæggusk gæggisk
wīʀ gaggumsk gaggimsk gaggitsk, -atsk gæggumsk gæggimsk gæggitsk, -atsk
īʀ gaggutsk gaggitsk gæggutsk gæggitsk
þæiʀ gaggunsk gagginsk gæggunsk gægginsk

1: past imperative is rare

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)
present past
infinitive bøygja bøygja
participle bøygjaddi bøygþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk bøygjuʀ bøygiʀ bøyg bøygþu bøygþi bøygþ
þū bøygjuʀ bøygiʀ bøygþu bøygþi
hān bøygjuʀ bøygiʀ bøygþu bøygþi
wīʀ bøygjum bøygim bøygiþ, -aþ bøygþum bøygþim bøygþiþ, -aþ
īʀ bøygjuþ bøygiþ bøygþuþ bøygþiþ
þæiʀ bøygjun bøygin bøygþun bøygþin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk bøygjusk bøygisk bøygsk bøygþusk bøygþisk bøygtsk
þū bøygjusk bøygisk bøygþusk bøygþisk
hān bøygjusk bøygisk bøygþusk bøygþisk
wīʀ bøygjumsk bøygimsk bøygitsk, -atsk bøygþumsk bøygþimsk bøygþitsk, -atsk
īʀ bøygjutsk bøygitsk bøygþutsk bøygþitsk
þæiʀ bøygjunsk bøyginsk bøygþunsk bøygþinsk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Conjugation of hafa — (weak)
present past
infinitive hafa hafþa
participle hafaddi hafþăʀ
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk hafuʀ hafiʀ haf hafþu hafþi hafþ
þū hafuʀ hafiʀ hafþu hafþi
hān hafuʀ hafiʀ hafþu hafþi
wīʀ hafum hafim hafiþ, -aþ hafþum hafþim hafþiþ, -aþ
īʀ hafuþ hafiþ hafþuþ hafþiþ
þæiʀ hafun hafin hafþun hafþin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk hafusk hafisk hafsk hafþusk hafþisk hafþsk
þū hafusk hafisk hafþusk hafþisk
hān hafusk hafisk hafþusk hafþisk
wīʀ hafumsk hafimsk hafitsk, -atsk hafþumsk hafþimsk hafþitsk, -atsk
īʀ hafutsk hafitsk hafþutsk hafþitsk
þæiʀ hafunsk hafinsk hafþunsk hafþinsk

1: past imperative is rare

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)
present past
infinitive wæsa wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle wæsaddi wāʀtăʀ, wāstăʀ⁴
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk æm, wæsuʀ² wæsiʀ wæs wāʀu, wās⁴ wāʀi wāʀ
þū æst, wæsuʀ² wæsiʀ wāʀt, wāst⁴ wāʀt
hān æs, wæsuʀ² wæsiʀ wāʀu, wās⁴ wāʀi
wīʀ (w)æsum³ wæsim wæsiþ, -aþ wāʀum wāʀim wāʀiþ, -aþ
īʀ (w)æsuþ³ wæsiþ wāʀuþ wāʀiþ
þæiʀ (w)æsun³ wæsin wāʀun wāʀin
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹
æk — — — — — —
þū — — — —
hān — — — —
wīʀ — — — — — —
īʀ — — — —
þæiʀ — — — —

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-, decently rare
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

The regularized wæs- root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with wāʀ- retained for the past)

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.

Number Pre-Húsnorsk
1 æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2 twæi(ʀ)
3 þrīʀ
4 fæþwiʀ
5 *fæmf
6 sæks
7 *sævu(n)
8 *āhtu(n)?
9 *n(j)u(n)
10 *t(j)u(n)
Positive inflection of énj
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative énj étt éní én
accusative énā étt éna én
dative éni éni énū énū
genitive énis énis énūs énūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative — — — —
accusative — — — —
dative — — — —
genitive — — — —

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number Pre-Húsnorsk
1 æinþi
2 twæiþi
3 þrīþi
4 fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5 fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6 sæhti
7 *sæfti
8 atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9 *ny(n)þi
10 *ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

  1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
  2. a form with a-umlaut.
  3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
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