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edits
Antarctican/Verbs: Difference between revisions
Changed Phonation Marks in IPA
(Got rid of vowel replacement (it occurred in too few words)) |
(Changed Phonation Marks in IPA) |
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intransitive, verb-focus | intransitive, verb-focus | ||
`tùlòoezi /tu&# | `tùlòoezi /ʱtuʱlɘʱːzi/ – | ||
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus | to drag, intransitive, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
`ròedu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root | `ròedu /ʱʁɘdu/ - red, root | ||
`ròedla /ʁɘ&# | `ròedla /ʱʁɘʱdɮa/ - red, | ||
verb-focus | verb-focus | ||
`ròedù /ʁɘ&# | `ròedù /ʱʁɘʱduʱ/ - red, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
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- to become scraped, verb-focus | - to become scraped, verb-focus | ||
'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨ&# | 'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨʱ/ | ||
- to become scraped, noun-focus | - to become scraped, noun-focus | ||
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| | ||
éypyii /ʔei&# | éypyii /ʔeiˤpʲiː/ - | ||
to spit out, root | to spit out, root | ||
éypyi-eey /ʔei&# | éypyi-eey /ʔeiˤpʲiʔeːi/ | ||
- to spit out, verb-focus | - to spit out, verb-focus | ||
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| | ||
'kirami /kiʁami/ - to swell | 'kirami /ˤkiʁami/ - to swell | ||
up, root | up, root | ||
'kiramyu /kiʁamʲu/ - to | 'kiramyu /ˤkiʁamʲu/ - to | ||
swell up, verb-focus | swell up, verb-focus | ||
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nuetoze /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | nuetoze /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | ||
nitù /nitu&# | nitù /nituʱ/ - to be fed on, verb-focus | ||
siboete /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | siboete /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | ||
sipáe /sipɛ&# | sipáe /sipɛˤ/ - to all be present, verb-focus (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice). | ||
| | ||
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intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
`màotù /mɜ&# | `màotù /ʱmɜʱtuʱ/ - to give | ||
birth, intransitive, verb-focus | birth, intransitive, verb-focus | ||
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nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | ||
`nyùue /ɲɨː&# | `nyùue /ʱɲɨːʱ/ - to snow, | ||
verb-focus | verb-focus | ||
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san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | ||
sàon-gùe /sɜ&# | sàon-gùe /sɜʱɴgɨʱ/ | ||
- to bleed, verb-focus | - to bleed, verb-focus | ||
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daraeke /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | daraeke /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | ||
tárá /ta&# | tárá /taˤʁaˤ/ - to cover, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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to spit out, root | to spit out, root | ||
éypyùey /ʔei&# | éypyùey /ʔeiˤpʲɨiʱ/ | ||
- to spit out, noun-focus | - to spit out, noun-focus | ||
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setback, root | setback, root | ||
gowpòeyòoe /goupɘ&# | gowpòeyòoe /goupɘʱjɘːʱ/ | ||
- to suffer a setback, noun-focus | - to suffer a setback, noun-focus | ||
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pierce, root | pierce, root | ||
ùenyòelòoe /ʔɨ&# | ùenyòelòoe /ʔɨʱɲɘʱleː/ | ||
- to pierce, noun-focus | - to pierce, noun-focus | ||
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die, root | die, root | ||
kùevòelùun /kɨ&# | kùevòelùun /kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ/ | ||
- to die, noun-focus | - to die, noun-focus | ||
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hlõ /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root | hlõ /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root | ||
lào /lɜ&# | lào /lɜʱ/ - to perform, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
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intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
`màotùsòe /mɜ&# | `màotùsòe /ʱmɜʱtuʱsɘʱ/ | ||
- to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus | - to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus | ||
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nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | ||
`nyùeypòe /ɲɨipɘ&# | `nyùeypòe /ʱɲɨipɘʱ/ - to | ||
snow, noun-focus | snow, noun-focus | ||
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san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | ||
sàonkùesòe /sɜɴ&# | sàonkùesòe /sɜɴʱkɨʱsɜʱ/ | ||
- to bleed, noun-focus | - to bleed, noun-focus | ||
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to introduce oneself, root | to introduce oneself, root | ||
yintùrào /jiɴtu&# | yintùrào /jiɴtuʱʁɜʱ/ | ||
- to introduce oneself, noun-focus | - to introduce oneself, noun-focus | ||
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imuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down, root | imuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down, root | ||
imipù /ʔimipu&# | imipù /ʔimipuʱ/ - to sit down, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
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nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root | nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root | ||
nitùsòe /nitu&# | nitùsòe /nituʱsɘʱ/ - to be | ||
fed on, noun-focus | fed on, noun-focus | ||
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in deep thought, root | in deep thought, root | ||
pensàao /peɴsɜː&# | pensàao /peɴsɜːʱ/ - to | ||
be lost in deep thought, noun-focus | be lost in deep thought, noun-focus | ||
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become scraped, root | become scraped, root | ||
'kiraypùe /kiʁaipɨ&# | 'kiraypùe /kiʁaipɨʱ/ | ||
- to become scraped, noun-focus | - to become scraped, noun-focus | ||
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intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
tùlòoezi /tu&# | tùlòoezi /tuʱlɘːʱzi/ – | ||
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi). | to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi). | ||
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root | root | ||
pùelùezi /pɨ&# | pùelùezi /pɨʱlɨʱzi/ - | ||
to make it across, noun-focus | to make it across, noun-focus | ||
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is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the | is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the | ||
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae | noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae | ||
/teilɛ&# | /teilɛˤː/ - shirt, we can say: | ||
teyláae `ròedla /teilɛː&# | teyláae `ròedla /teilɛːˤ ʱʁɘʱdɮa/ – a red shirt | ||
(non-restrictive) | (non-restrictive) | ||
teyláae `ròedù /teilɛː&# | teyláae `ròedù /teilɛːˤ ʱʁɘʱduʱ/ – the red shirt | ||
(restrictive) | (restrictive) | ||
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| | ||
ùylòen /ʔui&# | ùylòen /ʔuiʱlɜɴʱ/ | ||
- island, absolutive | - island, absolutive | ||
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| | ||
péy /pei&# | péy /peiˤ/ - book, absolutive | ||
péykin /pei&# | péykin /peiˤkiɴ/ - book, | ||
ergative | ergative | ||
péyki /pei&# | péyki /peiˤki/ - to be a book, verb root | ||
| | ||
támá /ta&# | támá /taˤmaˤ/ - victim of a scam | ||
/ swindle, absolutive | / swindle, absolutive | ||
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| | ||
màao /mɜ&# | màao /mɜʱː/ - betel nut, | ||
absolutive | absolutive | ||
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| | ||
`pùelùe /pɨ&# | `pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive | ||
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, | bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, | ||
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| | ||
`pàoy /pɜi&# | `pàoy /ʱpɜiʱ/ - baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, | ||
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| | ||
pàoy /pɜi&# | pàoy /pɜiʱ/ - page, absolutive | ||
paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, | paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, | ||
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| | ||
`tùlòoezi /tu&# | `tùlòoezi /ʱtuʱlɘʱːzi/ – to drag, intransitive, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
`tlòoezi | `tlòoezi | ||
/tɬɘ&# | /ʱtɬɘʱːzi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
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yùenàorùe | yùenàorùe | ||
/jɨ&# | /jɨʱnɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, intransitive, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
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ràorùe | ràorùe | ||
/ʁɜ&# | /ʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus | ||
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pyùu /pʲuː&# | pyùu /pʲuːʱ/ - to purify, noun-focus | ||
pyùemyùu /pʲɨ&# | pyùemyùu /pʲɨʱmpʲuːʱ/ - to purify me / us (not including you, noun-focus | ||
pyòelùu /pʲɘ&# | pyòelùu /pʲɘʱluːʱ/ - to purify who, noun-focus | ||
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pyùu /pʲuː&# | pyùu /pʲuːʱ/ - to purify, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
pyolùu /pʲɔluː&# | pyolùu /pʲɔluːʱ/ - to purify you, noun-focus | ||
pyelùu /pʲeluː&# | pyelùu /pʲeluːʱ/ - to purify | ||
ourselves (including you), noun-focus | ourselves (including you), noun-focus | ||
The last example this is distinct | The last example this is distinct | ||
from pyòelùu /pʲɘ&# | from pyòelùu /pʲɘʱluːʱ/ - to purify who, | ||
noun-focus, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix. | noun-focus, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix. | ||
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*yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | ||
*sõwdla - /sɔudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | *sõwdla - /sɔudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | ||
*damasùe - /damas#616;&# | *damasùe - /damas#616;ʱ/ - to scam / swindle, noun-focus | ||
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| yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla | | yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || damas#616;&# | | jɨɴpiloi || damas#616;ʱ || sɨudɮ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- employee-ERG || scam-NFCS || soldier-ABS | |- employee-ERG || scam-NFCS || soldier-ABS | ||
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| yuenpiluy || daesamasùe | | yuenpiluy || daesamasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpilui || dɛsamas#616;&# | | jɨɴpilui || dɛsamas#616;ʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS | | employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 812: | Line 812: | ||
| daesamasùe || yuenpiluy | | daesamasùe || yuenpiluy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dɛsamas#616;&# | | dɛsamas#616;ʱ || jɨɴpilui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS | | <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS | ||
| Line 833: | Line 833: | ||
| duetamasùe || yuenpiluy | | duetamasùe || yuenpiluy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dɨtamas#616;&# | | dɨtamas#616;ʱ || jɨɴpilui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <PFV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS | | <PFV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS | ||
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However, remember that alveolar stops (e.g. /t/) can never occur before /i/ and /ʎ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /e&# | However, remember that alveolar stops (e.g. /t/) can never occur before /i/ and /ʎ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eˤ/ and /ɘˤ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these. If a verb begins with a hard consonant followed by one of these vowels, a different infix is used, normally -óws- e.g. | ||
inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus | inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus | ||
ówsinyeli-aa /ʔou&# | ówsinyeli-aa /ʔouˤsiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | ||
kiveliqewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, verb-focus | kiveliqewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, verb-focus | ||
kówsiveli-ewn /kou&# | kówsiveli-ewn /kouˤsiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | ||
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'kátla /ka&# | 'kátla /ˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus | ||
'kówtqsátla /kou&# | 'kówtqsátla /ˤkouˤtsʼaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | ||
éypyi-eey /ʔei&# | éypyi-eey /ʔeiˤpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, verb-focus | ||
ówtqséypyi-eey /ʔou&# | ówtqséypyi-eey /ʔouˤtsʼeiˤpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | ||
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| damamasùe || yuenpiluy | | damamasùe || yuenpiluy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| damamas#616;&# | | damamas#616;ʱ || jɨɴpilui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <IMPV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS | | <IMPV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS | ||
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*wonnye /woɴɲe/ - to want (something), verb-focus | *wonnye /woɴɲe/ - to want (something), verb-focus | ||
*wátonnye /wa&# | *'wátonnye /ˤwaˤtoɴɲe/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), verb-focus | ||
*chi-iin /ciʔiːɴ/ - to fear (something), verb-focus | *chi-iin /ciʔiːɴ/ - to fear (something), verb-focus | ||
*cháetli-iin /cɛtɬiʔiːɴ/ - to fear (that something will happen), verb-focus | *cháetli-iin /cɛˤtɬiʔiːɴ/ - to fear (that something will happen), verb-focus | ||
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| yuenpiluy || 'wátonnye || sõwdla || damasùe | | yuenpiluy || 'wátonnye || sõwdla || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpilui || wa&# | | jɨɴpilui || ˤwaˤtoɴɲe || sɔudɮa || damasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | | employee-ABS || <SPR>want-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 962: | Line 957: | ||
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetli-iin || sõwdla || damasùe | | yuenpiloy || 'cháetli-iin || sõwdla || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || cɛtɬiʔiːɴ || sɔudɮa || damasɨ&# | | jɨɴpiloi || ˤcɛtɬiʔiːɴ || sɔudɮa || damasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | | employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | ||
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| yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe | | yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || cɛtɬiʔiːɴ || sɔudɮaɴ || damasɨ&# | | jɨɴpiloi || ˤcɛtɬiʔiːɴ || sɔudɮaɴ || damasɨʱ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ERG || scam-NFCS | | employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ERG || scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 995: | Line 990: | ||
darakòe /daʁakɘ&# | darakòe /daʁakɘʱ/ - to cover, noun-focus | ||
dadarakòe /dadaʁakɘ&# | dadarakòe /dadaʁakɘʱ/ - to cover each other, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,008: | Line 1,003: | ||
ziitlàoji /ziːtɬɜ&# | ziitlàoji /ziːtɬɜʱɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus | ||
ziziitlàoji /ziziːtɬɜ&# | ziziitlàoji /ziziːtɬɜʱɟi/ - to know each other, verb-focus | ||
yinwùumùe /jiɴwuː&# | yinwùumùe /jiɴwuːʱmɨ/ - to turn in, noun-focus | ||
yiyinwùumùe /jijiɴwuː&# | yiyinwùumùe /jijiɴwuːʱmɨ/ - to turn each other in, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,026: | Line 1,021: | ||
'kátla /ka&# | 'kátla /ˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus | ||
'kákátla /ka&# | 'kákátla /ˤkaˤkaˤtɬa/ - to make each other's acquaintance, verb focus | ||
| Line 1,034: | Line 1,029: | ||
'kamyu /kamʲu/ - to inflate (someone's ego), verb-focus | 'kamyu /ˤkamʲu/ - to inflate (someone's ego), verb-focus | ||
'kákamyu /ka&# | 'kákamyu /ˤkaˤkamʲu/ - to inflate each other('s ego), verb-focus | ||
'kaypùe /kaipɨ&# | 'kaypùe /ˤkaipɨʱ/ - to scrape, noun-focus | ||
'kákaypùe /ka&# | 'kákaypùe /ˤkaˤkaipɨʱ/ - to scrape each other, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,047: | Line 1,042: | ||
'puytlù /puitɬu&# | 'puytlù /ˤpuitɬuʱ/ - to pick a fight, noun-focus | ||
'póyputlu /poi&# | 'póyputlu /ˤpoiˤpuitɬuʱ/ - to pick a fight with each other, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,063: | Line 1,058: | ||
ràorùe /ʁɜ&# | ràorùe /ʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus | ||
haràorùe /χaʁɜ&# | haràorùe /χaʁɜʱʁɨʱ/ - to twist each other, transitive, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,071: | Line 1,066: | ||
wùeròen /wɨ&# | wùeròen /wɨʱʀɘɴʱ/ - friend, absolutive | ||
fiwùeròen /fiwɨ&# | fiwùeròen /fiwɨʱʀɘɴʱ/ - friends (of each other), absolutive | ||
wòenzi /wɘɴ&# | wòenzi /wɘɴʱ/ - to befriend, noun-focus | ||
fiwòenzi /fiwɘɴ&# | fiwòenzi /fiwɘɴʱ/ - to befriend each other, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,113: | Line 1,108: | ||
chisàon-gùe /cisɜ&# | chisàon-gùe /cisɜʱɴgɨʱ/ you bleed, verb-focus | ||
chiisàon-gùe /ciːsɜ&# | chiisàon-gùe /ciːsɜʱɴgɨʱ/ you (emphatic) bleed, verb-focus | ||
However, the emphatic forms cannot be used with noun-focus forms, so while chisàonkùesòe /cisɜɴ&# | However, the emphatic forms cannot be used with noun-focus forms, so while chisàonkùesòe /cisɜɴʱkɨʱsɜʱ/ - to bleed, noun-focus is grammatical, chiisàonkùesòe /ciːsɜɴʱkɨʱsɜʱ/ would not be. | ||