Ufirlandisg

Ufirlandisg/Lexicon

Introduction

Ufirlandisg (Ufirlandisg: ufirlandisg māl [ˈʊfʲɪrɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc *ubirilandiskaz) is an alternate history Germanic language partly inspired by Mandarin. It is spoken in the Pyrenee Mountains area (this world's southwestern France and northeastern Spain).

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Nasal		m m	ḿ mʲ	n n̪	ń nʲ
Stop /Affricate	tenuis	b p	b́ pʲ	d t̪, z t̪s	d́ tʲ	ź, ǵ tʃ	g k
	aspirated	p pʰ	ṕ pʲʰ	t t̪ʰ	t́ tʲʰ	ć tʃʰ	c kʰ
Fricative		f f	f́ fʲ	s s		ś ʃ		h h
Approximant	central	w w	wi ɥ	r r	ŕ rʲ	j j
	lateral			l ɫ	ĺ lʲ

Ufirlandisg has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.

When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an i (except with /i/ and /iː/).

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/, ü, ui /y/	ī /iː/, ǖ, uī /yː/		ē /ɨː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Close-mid			e /ə/
Mid	(i)a, (ü)e, (u)e [æ~ɛ]	(i)ā, (ü)ē, (u)ē [æː~ɛː]	[ə]			(u)ō /ɔː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Semivowel onglides: ü u /ɥ w/

Diphthongs: ai iau iu /aj aw jəw/

In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels a, e correspond to the soft vowels ie/üe, i.

Morphology

Nouns

Ufirlandisg nouns have 2 numbers and 4 cases, but the nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. Unusually for a Germanic language, there is no grammatical gender. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms.

The indefinite article is indeclinable: e is used before consonants and en before vowels. The definite article is likewise always se.

a-stems

Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).

a-stem: dal 'valley'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dal	dale
Genitive	dale	dalem

a-stem: namen 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	namen	namne
Genitive	namne	namnem

ja-stem: baś 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	baś	basi
Genitive	basi	basim

Vowel stems

This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).

ō-stem: nasa 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nasa	nasar
Genitive	nasar	nasam

u-stem: süda 'custom'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	süda	südar
Genitive	südar	südam

i-stem: geburzie 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geburzie	geburzier
Genitive	geburzier	geburziem

īn-stem: langinie 'length'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	langinie	langinier
Genitive	langinier	langiniem

z-stem: lambie 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lambie	lambier
Genitive	lambier	lambiem

r-stems

This class includes only these kinship terms: fadier 'father', mādier 'mother', brāzier 'brother', dūtier 'daughter', süesdier 'sister'.

r-stem: fadier 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrar
Genitive	fadrar	fadram

Other irregular nouns

muon 'man'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	muon	manier
Genitive	manier	muonam

Pronouns

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive
			'he'	'she'	'it'
nom.	jac	zū	ir	sī	it	wīr	jūr	jā	-
acc.	mic	zic	ina	ije	it	unś	jou	jā	sic
dat.	mir	zir	ime	jare	ime	unś	jou	imi	sir
gen.	mīn	zīn	jas	jarar	jas	unsier	jour	jara	sīn

Adjectives

Most adjectives take -a (for hard stems) or -ie (for soft stems) if it is definite or plural: cf. se liau watnie 'the lukewarm water' vs. liau watnie 'lukewarm water' vs. se watnie iś liau 'the water is lukewarm'.

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -sd: suōt, suōtier, suōtsd 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gād	batier	basd
"bad"	ubiel	wirsier	wirsd
"many"	fial	mýr	mýst

Verbs

The verbal system is the most conservative part of Ufirlandisg grammar. Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.

Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.

Thematic verbs

-an verbs

This is the most productive class of verbs.

makan 'to make'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	maka	makaś	makaź	makam	makaz	makanź
present subjunctive	maka	makas	maka	makam	makaz	makan
past indicative	makadie	makadiesd	makadie	makadiem	makadied	makadien
past subjunctive	makadi	makadisd	makadi	makadim	makadid	makadin
imperative	-	maka!	-	-	makaz!	-
present participle	makand
past participle	makad

Also: liaufan 'love', lirnan 'learn'

-in verbs

rēcin 'to reach'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	rēci	rēciś	rēciź	rēcim	rēciz	rēcinź
present subjunctive	rēci	rēcis	rēci	rēcim	rēciz	rēcin
past indicative	rēcidie	rēcidiesd	rēcidie	rēcidiem	rēcidied	rēcidien
past subjunctive	rēcidi	rēcidisd	rēcidi	rēcidim	rēcidid	rēcidin
imperative	-	rēci!	-	-	rēciz!	-
present participle	rēcind
past participle	rēcid

Also: arbēdin 'work'; haurin 'hear'; lērin 'teach'; sagin 'say'; ertalin 'tell, recount'; ranin 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Verbs with a long vowel and dental suffix t in the past tense, e.g. bringin, brātie, brāt 'bring'; bugin, būtie, būt 'buy'; zancin, zātie, zāt - 'think' form a small subclass of the -in verbs.

Athematic verbs

Strong class 1

bīten 'to bite'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	bīta	bītier	bītied́	bītem	bītied	bītend́
present subjunctive	bīte	bīter	bīte	bītem	bīted	bīten
past indicative	bēt	bētsd	bēt	bētam	bētad	bētan
past subjunctive	biti	bitisd	biti	bitim	bitid	bitin
imperative	-	bīt!	-	-	bītied!	-
present participle	bītend
past participle	biten

Also: śgīnen, sgēn, śginen 'shine', drīfen, drēf, drifen 'drive', clīfen, clēf, clifen 'stick, cling', rīten, rēt, riten 'write'

Strong class 2

ciausen 'to choose'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	ciausa	ciausier	ciausied́	ciausem	ciausied	ciausend́
present subjunctive	ciause	ciauser	ciause	ciausem	ciaused	ciausen
past indicative	caus	causd	caus	causam	causad	causan
past subjunctive	curi	curisd	curi	curim	curid	curin
imperative	-	ciaus!	-	-	ciausied!	-
present participle	ciausend
past participle	curen

Also: biauden, baud, buden 'offer, bid', biaugen, baug, bugen 'bow', fliaugen, flaug, flugen 'fly', fliawen, flau, fluwen 'flee, escape', friausen, fraus, fruren 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	binda	bindier	bindied́	bindem	bindied	bindend́
present subjunctive	binde	binder	binde	bindem	binded	binden
past indicative	band	bandsd	band	bandam	bandad	bandan
past subjunctive	bundi	bundisd	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindied!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: bieginen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drincen, dranc, druncen 'drink'; finzen, fanz, funzen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; śbringen, sbrang, sbrungen 'burst, explode'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; wierpen, warp, wurpen 'throw'; źringen, zrang, zrungen 'press, force, push through'

Strong class 4

In Ufirlandisg, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	biara	biarier	biaried́	biarem	biaried	biarend́
present subjunctive	biare	biarer	biare	biarem	biared	biaren
past indicative	bar	barsd	bar	baram	barad	baran
past subjunctive	buri	burisd	buri	burim	burid	burin
imperative	-	biar!	-	-	biaried!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', cüemen, kam, kumen 'come', śbriaken, sbrak, sbruken 'speak', śdialen, sdal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasg, drasg, drusgen 'thresh', śdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen 'die'

Strong class 5

giafen 'to give'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	giafa	giafier	giafied́	giafem	giafied	giafend́
present subjunctive	giafe	giafer	giafe	giafem	giafed	giafen
past indicative	gaf	gafsd	gaf	gafam	gafad	gafan
past subjunctive	giafi	giafisd	giafi	giafim	giafid	giafin
imperative	-	giaf!	-	-	giafied!	-
present participle	giafend
past participle	giafen

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten 'forget', liasen, las, liaren 'read', siawen, saw, siawen 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidin, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', ligin, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

grafen 'to dig'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	grafa	grafier	grafied́	grafem	grafied	grafend́
present subjunctive	grafe	grafer	grafe	grafem	grafed	grafen
past indicative	grāf	grāfsd	grāf	grāfam	grāfad	grāfan
past subjunctive	grafi	grafisd	grafi	grafim	grafid	grafin
imperative	-	graf!	-	-	grafied!	-
present participle	grafend
past participle	grafen

Also: faren, fār, faren 'spread', slagen, slāg, slagen 'strike', sdanden, sdānd, sdanden 'stand', wagsen, wāgs, wagsen 'grow', wasgen, wāsg, wasgen 'wash', jaten, jāt, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called

laupen, liaup, liaupen - to jump, leap

sdauten, śdiaut, śdiauten - to bump, crash

hald, hiald, hialden - to hold

liāten, līt, liāten - to let

siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)

Preterite-present verbs

witen 'to know'

witen 'to know'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	wōt	wōsd	wōt	witam	witad	witan
present subjunctive	witi	witir	witi	witim	witid	witin
past indicative	wiśdie	wiśdiesd	wiśdie	wiśdiem	wiśdied	wiśdien
past subjunctive	wiśdi	wiśdisd	wiśdi	wiśdim	wiśdid	wiśdin
imperative	-	wit!	-	-	witad!	-
present participle	witend
past participle	wisd

cunen 'can, be able to'

cunen 'can'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	can	cansd	can	cunam	cunad	cunan
present subjunctive	cuni	cunir	cuni	cunim	cunid	cunin
past indicative	cundie	cundiesd	cundie	cundiem	cundied	cundien
past subjunctive	cundi	cundisd	cundi	cundim	cundid	cundin

Similarly sgulen 'should', zurfen 'have to'.

magen 'may'

The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc *maganą (~ Eng. may, might), and the past forms are from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).

magen 'may'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	mag	magsd	mag	muogam	muogad	muogan
present subjunctive	magi	magir	magi	magim	magid	magin
past indicative	māsdie	māsdiesd	māsdie	māsdiem	māsdied	māsdien
past subjunctive	māsdi	māsdisd	māsdi	māsdim	māsdid	māsdin

Other irregular verbs

wilen 'want to, will'

wilen 'want to, will'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	wī	wīsd	wī	wīm	wīd	wīn
present subjunctive	wili	wilir	wili	wilim	wilid	wilin
past indicative	wildie	wildiesd	wildie	wildiem	wildied	wildien
past subjunctive	wildi	wildisd	wildi	wildim	wildid	wildin

biaun 'be'

biaun 'to be'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	im	ir	iś	wiram	wirad	wiranź
present subjunctive	sije	sijer	sije	sijem	sijed	sijen
past indicative	was	wasd	was	wiēram	wiērad	wiēran
past subjunctive	wiēri	wiērisd	wiēri	wiērim	wiērid	wiērin
imperative	-	biau!	-	-	biaud!	-
present participle	wiesend
past participle	wiēren

han 'have (auxiliary)'

han 'to have (auxiliary)'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	ha	haś	haź	ham	haz	hanź
present subjunctive	hafe	hafis	hafi	hafim	hafiz	hafin
past indicative	hadie	hadiesd	hadie	hadiem	hadied	hadien
past subjunctive	hadi	hadisd	hadi	hadim	hadid	hadin
imperative	-	ha!	-	-	haz!	-
present participle	hafind
past participle	had

dān 'do'

dān 'to do'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	dā	dāś	dāź	dām	dāz	dānź
present subjunctive	dā	dās	dā	dām	dāz	dān
past indicative	diadie	diadiesd	diadie	diadiem	diadied	diadien
past subjunctive	diadi	diadisd	diadi	diadim	diadid	diadin
imperative	-	dā!	-	-	dāz!	-
present participle	dānd
past participle	dān

gān 'go'

gān 'to go'

tense	jac	zū	ir/sī/it	wīr	jūr	jā
present indicative	gā	gāś	gāź	gām	gāz	gānź
present subjunctive	gā	gās	gā	gām	gāz	gān
past indicative	giang	giangsd	giang	giangam	giangad	giangan
past subjunctive	giangi	giangisd	giangi	giangim	giangid	giangin
imperative	-	gā!	-	-	gāz!	-
present participle	gānd
past participle	giangen

Also: fān - to get, to obtain

Derivational morphology

• and-: 'de-, dis-'
• bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
  • biecrīten 'complain about' < crīten 'complain'
  • bierīten 'describe' < rīten 'write'
  • biesingen 'praise' < singen 'sing'
• -bier: '-able'
  • jatebier 'edible' < jaten 'to eat'
• er-: telic, ~ German er-
• fer-: "for-"
  • ferwundran 'surprise, amaze' < wunder 'wonder, miracle'
• fur-: "fore-"
• -ful: "-ful"
• ge-
  • gebiaren 'give birth' < biaren 'bear, carry'
• -hēd: -ness, -hood
• -ig: forms adjectives from nouns
• -laus: "-less"
• -ling: "-ling"
• -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns
  • wurdlik 'literal' < wurd 'word'
• mis-: "mis-"
• -nes: forms nouns from verbs
• -sam: "-some"
• un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
  • unrāwa 'unrest, unease'
• -unga: forms nouns from verbs
  • hētiunga 'heating' < hētin 'to heat'

Prepositions

Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix -za.

• an = (+ acc) onto; (+ dat) on
• fur = (+ acc) for; (+ dat) before
• gagin = (+ acc) against
• in = (+ acc) into; (+ dat) in
• mid́ = (+ dat) with
• ta = (+ dat) to, towards
• tuigs (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) between
• ufir = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) across, over
• undier = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) under, between, among
• wizer = (+ acc) at, next to, by

Numbers

• 1: ēn /ɨːn/ (ordinal ērsd)
• 2: tuō /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal anzier)
• 3: zrī /tsrʲiː/
• 4: fiur /fʲʊr/
• 5: finf /fʲinf/
• 6: siags /ʃaks/
• 7: süef /ʃɥœf/
• 8: āta /ˈaːtʰa/
• 9: niaun /nʲaun/
• 10: tiaun /tʲʰaun/
• 11: ēnlif
• 12: tuōlif
• 13: zrītiun
• 14: fiurtiun
• 15: finftiun
• 16: siagstiun
• 17: süeftiun
• 18: āttiun
• 19: niauntiun
• 20: tuōntig
• 30: zrītig
• 40: fiurtig
• 50: finftig
• 60: siagstig
• 70: süeftig
• 80: āttig
• 90: niauntig
• 100: hundrad
• 1000: zūsand́

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is V2 (also SAuxVO), but is VSO in questions and VO in imperatives:

sī iś mīn lēraŕ.

She is my teacher.

Giasdern giang jac bugin ubati.

Yesterday I went to buy fruit.

Wōsd zū zat ēnć?

Don't you know that?

Jat sīn krūtsakar!

Eat your vegetables!

Verbs are negated with ēnć:

jac fersdanda ēnć huat zū sagiś.

I don't understand what you're saying.

Noun phrase

Adjectives precede the noun, but genitives follow it.

Example texts

Zis māl was ēns furrītid.

This language was once featured.

Zank sīn miāte fullikhētar, fīnhētar auk brūklikhētar stamnidie it sic ta furrītin.

Thanks to its level of quality (lit. completeness), plausibility (lit. fineness) and usage features (lit. usability), it has been voted as featured.

Phrasebook

• Gād murgen! [kaːt ˈmʊrkɨn] - Good morning!
• Gād dag! [kaːt tak] - Hello! Good day!
• Gād üēfend! [kaːt ˈɥœːfɨnt] - Good evening!
• Gād nātie! [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
• Wialkumen! [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
• Jac hēta... [jac ˈhɨːtʰa...] - My name is...
• Zankar! [tsaŋkʰar] - Thank you!
• Mir/Unś iś rǖ. [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
• Jac śbriaka ēnć Ufirlandisg. - I don't speak Ufirlandisg.