Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
#redirect [[Thensarian]]
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''θensārimem''
|pronunciation=  /θensaːrimem/
|region = Talmy
|extinct = 220 v.T.
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|iso3=qth
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
 
==Todo==
*PQ ''a'' > Thn. ''o'' (?)
 
==Notes on notation==
===Glossary===
*<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
*''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable
*''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal
*''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z''
*''~'': cognate to
 
==Background==
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].''
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Radical
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
|
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| '''ȝ''' /ʡ/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''θ''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
|
| '''χ''' /x/
| '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''δ''' /ð/
| '''z''' /z/
|
| '''γ''' /ɣ/
| <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''v''' /w~ʋ/
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
 
 
;Notes
*Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated.
*/r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
*/l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
 
====Conditioned allophony====
Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"| /n/
| [ŋ]
| _C[+velar, +plosive]
|-
| [ɱ]
| _C[+labiodental]
|-
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
| C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
| _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
|}
 
===Vowels===
Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
 
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
 
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}-->
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ī''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ÿ/
| '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ō''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''ā''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''ae au ui'''
 
;Notes
 
*/ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
*/e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.
 
===Suprasegmentals===
 
===Phonotactics===
 
===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant
! colspan=20| Last Consonant
|-
! m
! n
! p
! t
! k
! b
! d
! g
! s
! š
! tl
! ts
! tš
! h
! x
! w
! ǧ
! y
! l
! r
|-
! m
| mm
| mb
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| mm
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| ny
| lm
| ndr
|-
! n
| nd
| nn
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| nn
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
| lm
| ndr
|-
! p
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! t
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! k
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! b
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! d
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! g
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! s
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! š
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! tl
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! ts
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! tš
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! h
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! x
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! w
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! y
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! l
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! r
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|}
 
===Phonological diachronics===
====Simple consonant correspondences====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PTal
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|ɸ}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|θ}}
! {{recon|ł}}
! {{recon|λ}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|j}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|kʷ}}
! {{recon|gʷ}}
! {{recon|xʷ}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|q}}
! {{recon|χ}}
! {{recon|ʁ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|h}}
|-
! Thm.
| ''m''
| ''p''
| ''b''
| ''f''
| ''n''
| ''t''
| ''d''
| ''s''
| ''z'', ''-r-''
| ''r''
| ''θ''
| ''θ''
| ''δ''
| ''l''
| ''j''
| ''c''
| ''g''
| ''χ''
| ''c''
| ''v''
| ''f''
| ''v''
| ''ʒ''
| ''ħ''
| ''γ''
| 0-
| ''h-''
|}
 
====Consonant clusters====
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''?
 
====Vowel reflexes====
Usually:
*{{recon|''a''}} > ''o''
*{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e''
*{{recon|''i''}} > ''i''
*{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'')
*{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ''
*{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae''
*{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū''
*{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī''
*{{recon|''aw''}} > ''au''
*{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō''
*{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū''
*{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū''
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca''
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co''
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy''
*{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē''
**or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''?
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''au''?
*{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''?
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''?
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā''
 
==Orthography==
[[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]]
 
The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
 
The alphabetical order is as follows:
#'''R:'''
#'''D:'''
#'''Z:'''
#'''I:'''
#'''Γ:'''
#'''A:'''
#'''Ħ:'''
#'''F:'''
#'''M:'''
#'''L:'''
#'''G:'''
#'''C:'''
#'''H:'''
#'''B:'''
#'''S:'''
#'''V:'''
#'''O:'''
#'''J:'''
#'''Ȝ:'''
#'''Δ:'''
#'''Y:'''
#'''Χ:'''
#'''T:'''
#'''N:'''
#'''Θ:'''
#'''P:'''
#'''E:'''
#'''U:'''
 
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
 
#switch-reference marker
#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''
 
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
 
====TAM + subject markers====
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
 
*Consonant stems: (-y-)
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
=====Present=====
*1sg ''-n(is)''
*2sg ''-r(is)''
*3sg.m ''-m(is)''
*3sg.f ''-si(s)''
*3sg.n ''-((i)s)''?
*1ex ''-maeχ(is)''
*1in ''-nte(s)''
*2pl ''-sce(s)''
*3pl ''-ti(s)''
 
=====Preterite=====
*1sg: ''-nno(s)''
*2sg: ''-rȳ(s)''
*3sg.m: ''-smi(s)''
*3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''?
*3sg.n: ''-so(s)''?
*1ex: ''-mer(is)''
*1in: ''-ter(is)''
*3pl: ''-scer(is)''
*3pl: ''-ster(is)''
 
=====Future=====
*1sg ''-tēn(is)''
*2sg ''-tēr(is)''
*3sg.m ''-tēm(is)''
*3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-tē(s)''?
*1ex ''-tēmaeχ(is)''
*1in ''-tēnt(is)''
*2pl ''-tēsce(s)''
*3pl ''-tēti(s)''
 
=====Subjunctive=====
*1sg: ''-nae(s)''
*2sg: ''-rae(s)''
*3sg.m: ''-mior(is)''
*3sg.f: ''-sior(is)''
*3sg.n: ''-ior(is)''
*1ex: ''-nχae(s)''
*1in: ''-ntae(s)''
*2pl: ''-scae(s)''
*3pl: ''-tior(is)''
 
=====Optative=====
*1sg ''-von(is)''?
*2sg ''-vor(is)''
*3sg.m ''-vom(is)''
*3sg.f ''-vosi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)''
*1ex ''-vomaeχ(is)''
*1in ''-vunt(is)''
*2pl ''-vosce(s)''
*3pl ''-voti(s)''
 
=====Imperative=====
*2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)''
*1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)''
*2pl: ''-scē(s)''
 
==Syntax==
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Revision as of 19:29, 30 June 2016

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