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'''{{PAGENAME}}''', synonymous with '''Proto-Talmic''', is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''', synonymous with '''Proto-Talmic''' (PTal), is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.


==Todo==
==Todo==

Revision as of 01:10, 12 July 2016

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation[/θensaːrimem/]
Created byIlL
Extinct220 v.T.
Quihum
Language codes
ISO 639-3qth
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tigol/Proto-Tigol, synonymous with Proto-Talmic (PTal), is the the ancestor of all living Talmic languages. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

  • PQ a > Thn. o (?)

Notes on notation

Glossary

  • ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 19 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Radical Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ n [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ c /k/ ȝ /ʡ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ θ /θ/ s /s/ ħ /ħ~ʜ/ h /h~ɦ/
voiced δ /ð/ z /z/ ȝ [ʕ~ʢ]
Trill r /r/
Approximant v /w~ʋ/ l /l/ j /j/


Notes
  • Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are unaspirated.
  • /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
  • /l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
  • /p/ is rare; it is only found in Kagasa loans.

Conditioned allophony

Allophony in Tigol/Proto-Tigol is limited.

Phoneme Allophone Condition(s)
/n/ [ŋ] _C[+velar, +plosive]
[ɱ] _C[+labiodental]
C[+obstruent, ±voiced] C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]

Vowels

Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ ī /iː/ y /ÿ/ ȳ /ÿː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Mid e /e/ ē /eː/ o /o/ ō /oː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ai au ui

Notes
  • /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
  • /e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.

Suprasegmentals

Phonotactics

Syllable structure and morphophonology

1st Consonant Last Consonant
m n p t k b d g s š tl ts h x w ǧ y l r
m mm mb mb nd ng mb nd ng ss šš ndr ns mm mm ny lm ndr
n nd nn mb nd ng mb nd ng ss šš ndr ns nn mm nn lm ndr
p
t
k
b
d
g
s
š
tl
ts
h
x
w
y
l
r

Phonological diachronics

Simple consonant correspondences

PTal *m *p *b *n *t *d *s *z *r *l *j *k *g *x *kʷ *gʷ *xʷ *w *q *h
Thm. m p b f n t d s z, -r- r θ θ δ l j c g χ c v f v ʒ ħ γ 0- h-

Consonant clusters

  • tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

  • *a > o
  • *ə > e
  • *i > i
  • *u > u (or o if *a should > a)
  • *ay > ȳ
  • *əy > ae
  • *uy > ū
  • *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
  • *aw > au
  • *əw >
  • *iw >
  • *uw > ū
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co
  • *Cx > Cy
  • *əx, ix̌ > ē
    • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō for sure
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au?
  • *ix̌ʷ > ?
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō?
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ >
  • *iy(ə)x >

Orthography

Tigol/Proto-Tigol runic script.

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

  1. R:
  2. D:
  3. Z:
  4. I:
  5. Γ:
  6. A:
  7. Ħ:
  8. F:
  9. M:
  10. L:
  11. G:
  12. C:
  13. H:
  14. B:
  15. S:
  16. V:
  17. O:
  18. J:
  19. Ȝ:
  20. Δ:
  21. Y:
  22. Χ:
  23. T:
  24. N:
  25. Θ:
  26. P:
  27. E:
  28. U:

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

θȳrom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite θȳrom θoθȳrom θȳrīs
Definite θȳrai θoθȳrai θȳrinny

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gondā gogondā gondār
Definite gondām gogondām gondāsa

Neuter nouns

tectȳ 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tecty tetecty tectȳn
Definite tectys tetectys tectȳr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenā jejenā
Definite jenaȝes jejenaȝes

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

  1. switch-reference marker
  2. applicative or derivational prefixes
  3. object prefix
  4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
  5. STEM
  6. voice suffix
  7. TAM + subject
  8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

  • Consonant stems: (-y-)
  • Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
Present
  • 1sg -n(is)
  • 2sg -r(is)
  • 3sg.m -m(is)
  • 3sg.f -si(s)
  • 3sg.n -((i)s)?
  • 1ex -mā(s)
  • 1in -nte(s)
  • 2pl -sce(s)
  • 3pl -ti(s)
Imperfect

Reduplication + present suffixes

Perfect

Perfect stem + present suffixes?

Preterite
  • 1sg: -nne(s)
  • 2sg: -rȳ(s)
  • 3sg.m: -smi(s)
  • 3pl.f: -ssi(s)?
  • 3sg.n: -so(s)?
  • 1ex: -mer(is)
  • 1in: -ter(is)
  • 3pl: -scer(is)
  • 3pl: -ster(is)
Future
  • 1sg -tēn(is)
  • 2sg -tēr(is)
  • 3sg.m -tēm(is)
  • 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
  • 3sg.n -tē(s)?
  • 1ex -tēmā(s)
  • 1in -tēnt(is)
  • 2pl -tēsce(s)
  • 3pl -tēti(s)
Subjunctive
  • 1sg: -nae(s)
  • 2sg: -rae(s)
  • 3sg.m: -mior(is)
  • 3sg.f: -sior(is)
  • 3sg.n: -ior(is)
  • 1ex: -mae(s)
  • 1in: -ntae(s)
  • 2pl: -scae(s)
  • 3pl: -tior(is)
Optative
  • 1sg -von(is)?
  • 2sg -vor(is)
  • 3sg.m -vom(is)
  • 3sg.f -vosi(s)
  • 3sg.n -vo((i)s)
  • 1ex -vomā(s)
  • 1in -vunt(is)
  • 2pl -vosce(s)
  • 3pl -voti(s)
Imperative
  • 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
  • 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
  • 2pl: -scē(s)

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses