9,171
edits
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) m (→Orthography) |
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) m (→Orthography) |
||
Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
====a==== | |||
The letter <a> can double as a short open low vowel and a schwa. | |||
* <a> is pronounced as [ə]: | * <a> is pronounced as [ə]: | ||
**At the end of a word or morpheme when unstressed. | **At the end of a word or morpheme when unstressed. | ||
Line 47: | Line 48: | ||
**''man'' ‘man’ [man] | **''man'' ‘man’ [man] | ||
**''scap'' ‘shape’ [skap] | **''scap'' ‘shape’ [skap] | ||
====æ and e==== | |||
The letters <æ> and <e> are both pronounced as [ɛ]; however, <æ> only occurs as the i-umlaut of <a>. (Historically, <æ> was pronounced [æ].) | |||
*''hændɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.dn̩], from *''handjaną'' | *''hændɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.dn̩], from *''handjaną'' | ||
*''hendɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.ðn̩], from *''henþaną'' | *''hendɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.ðn̩], from *''henþaną'' | ||
====ǣ and ē==== | |||
Similarly, <ǣ> and <ē> are both pronounced as [eː], but <ǣ> only occurs as the i-umlaut of <ā> while <ē> is the realization of the Proto-Germanic diphthong *ai or the result of ŋ-deletion after *e. (Historically, <ǣ> was pronounced [æː].) | |||
*''bǣgʀ'' ‘quarrels’, plural of ''bāg''. | *''bǣgʀ'' ‘quarrels’, plural of ''bāg''. | ||
*''stēn'' ‘stone’, from *''stainaz''. | *''stēn'' ‘stone’, from *''stainaz''. | ||
*''þēht'' ‘tight’, from *''þenhtaz''. | *''þēht'' ‘tight’, from *''þenhtaz''. | ||
====q, ʒ, and ƕ==== | |||
The “labiovelar” letters <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <ʒ>, and <ƕ> have several possible articulations depending on their placement in a word and their proximities to other vowels and consonants. The letter <ʒ> in particular is the realization of Germanic [[verschärfung]], which comes from Proto-Germanic combinations such as *gg, *gw, *ww, and *gwj. It may also arise from an intervocalic *w in certain circumstances. The other labiovelar consonants, *hw and *kw, followed the pattern of *gw later in the development of Northeadish. The rules for these letters, while many, are all the same. <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <ʒ>, and <ƕ> are pronounced as: | |||
*[k, g, x], respectively, between two consonants, or after a consonant when word-final. | *[k, g, x], respectively, between two consonants, or after a consonant when word-final. | ||
Line 88: | Line 98: | ||
**''treʒvetscap'' ‘dendrology’ [trɛug.wɛt.skap] | **''treʒvetscap'' ‘dendrology’ [trɛug.wɛt.skap] | ||
**''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩] | **''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩] | ||
====h==== | |||
The letter h may have three different pronunciations depending on its position relative to neighboring phonemes. | |||
*<h> is pronounced as [h] when initial except before a sonorant. | *<h> is pronounced as [h] when initial except before a sonorant. | ||
**''hūs'' ‘house’ [huːs] | **''hūs'' ‘house’ [huːs] | ||
Line 101: | Line 114: | ||
**''tehɴ'' ‘ten’ [tɛç.n̩] | **''tehɴ'' ‘ten’ [tɛç.n̩] | ||
**''līht'' ‘easy’ [liːçt] | **''līht'' ‘easy’ [liːçt] | ||
====ƕ, ɧ==== | |||
In addition to the pronunciation complexities mentioned above, the letter ƕ has the additional complication of an orthographic convention whereby it is written as <ɧ> when in final position in a word or word segment. | |||
====s==== | |||
The letter s sports both phonemic and orthographic variation. | |||
*It is written as '''s''' when word- or word-segment-final; otherwise it is written as '''ſ'''. (For the purposes of this site, both versions will be written as '''s'''.) | *It is written as '''s''' when word- or word-segment-final; otherwise it is written as '''ſ'''. (For the purposes of this site, both versions will be written as '''s'''.) | ||
**''þas ſeʒlas ſcīn'' ‘the sun’s rays’ [θəs sɛugləs skiːn] | **''þas ſeʒlas ſcīn'' ‘the sun’s rays’ [θəs sɛugləs skiːn] | ||
Line 118: | Line 136: | ||
**''vruðþ'' ‘word’ [vrʊθ] | **''vruðþ'' ‘word’ [vrʊθ] | ||
====ðþ, vf==== | |||
The letters ð and v become unvoiced at the end of a word or before another unvoiced consonant (see Obstruent Devoicing), but when they occur word- or word-segment-finally, the voiced consonants remain in the orthography. | |||
Three letters – all of them short vowels – are no longer used in Northeadish: ı, o, and œ. | Three letters – all of them short vowels – are no longer used in Northeadish: ı, o, and œ. |