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#redirect [[Gussnish]]
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''dhuenanae Raengcadnaer''
|pronunciation=  /ˈðyːnanɛ rɛŋˈkadnɛr/
|setting = Rulak
|region =
|familycolor=pulchric
|fam1= Pulchric
|fam2= Rencadic
|fam3= P-Rencadic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script (a.k.a. IPA gibberish)
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
 
<!--
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
 
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
 
-->
 
==Introduction==
Rencadian is the most widely spoken language of the Rencadic branch of the Pulchric family. It is inspired by Irish, English and Welsh.
 
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
<!-- Example categories/headings:
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
 
-->
 
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
 
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
 
{{PAGENAME}} uses its own native alphabet.
 
The phonetic value of any consonant letter is the first consonant in its name - so that <ʕ> for example sounds like 'ts' (i.e. /tsʰ/) and <ɧ> sounds like 'x' (i.e. /ɮ/)
 
The letters themselves are derived from pictograms.
 
* '''p'''aesj = bear = ɤ
* '''t'''aenweof = mushroom = ɷ
* '''ts'''opeol = hook = ʕ
* '''s'''aen = head = ɵ
* '''tq'''iich = vine = ɖ
* '''q'''vaera = clock = ɸ
* '''tj'''iweoq = cloud = ɯ
* '''sj'''waet = rose = ɘ
* '''c'''math = jaw = ʟ
* '''b'''anr = hill = ʌ
* '''d'''rix = river = ʭ
* '''dz'''itra = fence = ʜ
* '''z'''aweoth = ant = ɶ
* '''dx'''eorsja = plough = ʄ
* '''x'''a = human being = ɧ
* '''dj'''arva = seesaw = ʎ
* '''zj'''i = hair = ɪ
* '''g'''aenu = foot = ʊ
* '''m'''inth = arm = ʏ
* '''n'''eoqa = rope = n
* '''ng'''eulaer = boat = ʁ
* '''r'''eoxaeth = tree = ʔ
* '''rh'''oadzeot = pineapple = ð
* '''l'''if = moon = c
* '''w'''uthma = whale = ɚ
* '''y'''achta = navel = ʘ
* lenition sign = ː
 
The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name.
 
* a: ʱ (called ''xa aereo'', 'small human being')
* ae: ˠ (''paesj aereo'' 'small bear')
* eo: ˀ (''reoxaeth aereo'' 'small tree')
* i: ʷ (''tjiweq aereo'' 'small cloud')
* o: ˁ (''tsopeol aereo'' 'small hook')
* eu: ʶ (''ngeulaer aereo'' 'small boat')
* u: ˞  (''wuthma aereo'' 'small whale')
 
Punctuation is as follows:
 
* [ ] = quotation marks
* . = space/word boundary marker
* ɭ = period
* ɭɭ = comma
* ʕ̰ = semicolon
* ʕ = colon
* The punctuation mark ˈ is placed before sentences and clauses, and ˌ before proper names.
 
Example:
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = '''ˈɤˠ.ɧʱnˠ.ʏˀnɤːʱʔnʱɯːɭɭ.[ˈʟˁ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀ.ɖːˠʌʱnˠɭ]'''
|phrase = Pae xanae meonfarnasj, &quot;Co eofsa dheo sjwaet meo qaebanae.&quot;
|IPA = /pʰɛ ˈɮanɛ mənˈfarnaʃ ǀ kʰɔ ˈəfsa ðə ˈʃwɛtʰ mə ˈɬɛpanɛ ‖ /
| morphemes = pae xa-nae meon-farnasj co eofsa dheo sjwaet meo-L tqaeba-nae
| gloss = PAST person-SG.DEF.NOM AFF-speak PRES water.SG.INDEF.NOM and rose.SG.INDEF.NOM LOC goblet-SG.DEF.NOM
| translation = The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet."
 
}}
 
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Aspirated Stop/Affricate || p /pʰ/ || t /tʰ/ || ts /tsʰ/ || tq /tɬʰ/ || tj /tʃʰ/ ||  || c /kʰ/ || 
|-
| Unaspirated Stop/Affricate || b /p/ || d /t/ || dz /ts/ || dx /tɬ/ || dj /tʃ/|| || g /k/||
|-
| Voiceless Fricative || f /f/ || th /θ/|| s /s/ || q /ɬ/|| sj /ʃ/ || || ch /x/ || h /h/
|-
| Voiced Fricative || v /v/ || dh /ð/|| z /z/|| x /ɮ/ || zj /ʒ/|| || gh /ɣ/||
|-
| Nasal || m /m/|| n /n/|| || || || || ng /ŋ/ ||
|-
| Approximant ||  || || || l /ɫ/|| || y /j/|| w /w/||
|-
| Voiceless Trill ||  || ||rh /r̥/ || || || || ||
|-
| Voiced Trill ||  || || r /r/ || || || || ||
|}
 
;Notes
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
 
===Vowels===
The vowel values in the transliteration are based on the Revised Romanization of Korean.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! IPA
|-
| a|| /a/
|-
| aa|| /ɑː/
|-
| ae|| /ɛ/
|-
| eo|| /ə/
|-
| eeo|| /əː/
|-
| i|| /ɪ/
|-
| ii|| /iː/
|-
| o|| /ɔ/
|-
| oa|| /ɔɑ ~ ɒɑ ~ ɒː/
|-
| eu|| /ɨ/
|-
| u|| /ʊ/
|-
| uu|| /uː/
|-
| ue|| /yː/
|}
 
===Lenition===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
|-
| '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
|-
| '''Lenited''' || w || n || w || w || w || r || y
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans (e.g. from [[Vrushka]]) stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Morphology==
 
===Nouns===
 
Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 3 cases (nominative, comparative, and vocative). The genitive is archaic and survives in verbal nouns and stock expressions.
 
Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
* When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, x or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
* When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
* When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, neo- is inserted before the stem.
 
For example:
 
# baer 'leaf' → vaer
# rasj 'spouse' → rasj
# zaweoth 'ant' → aweoth, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# xeu + lenited form of zaweoth 'like an ant' → xeu naweoth
# eonsae 'fruit' → neonsae
# farnath 'speech' → neofarnasj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
# meo + lenited form of farnasj 'speaking' → meonfarnasj
# ow + lenited form of farnasj 'not speaking' → owneofarnasj
 
====Feminine nouns====
 
Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+meo || [nom stem]+nae || [nom stem]+neu
|-
| (Genitive) || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+meon || [nom stem]+naer || [nom stem]+neureo
|-
| Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meoth || [nom stem]+naeth || [nom stem]+neuth
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+meo || [lenited nom stem]+nae || [lenited nom stem]+neu
|}
 
* [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
* [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -eo if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
* [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eoth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
 
Here are two examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''eorim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || eorim || eorimmeo || eorimnae || eorimneu
|-
| (Genitive) || eorimeo || eorimmeon || eorimnaer || eorimneur
|-
| Comparative || eorimeoth || eorimmeoth || eorimnaeth || eorimneuth
|-
| Vocative || neorim || neorimmeo || neorimnae || neorimneu
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''neoqa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || neoqa || neoqameo || neoqanae || neoqaneu
|-
| (Genitive) || neoqan || neoqameon || neoqanaer || neoqaneur
|-
| Comparative || neoqath || neoqameoth || neoqanaeth || neoqaneuth
|-
| Vocative || neoqa || neoqameo || neoqanae || neoqaneu
|}
 
====Masculine nouns====
 
=====First declension=====
 
First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
* If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
* If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
* Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
 
The paradigm is:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case  !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+meo || [nom stem]+ae || [nom stem]+eu
|-
| (Genitive) || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+meon || [nom stem]+aer || [nom stem]+eur
|-
| Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meoth || [nom stem]+aeth || [nom stem]+euth
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+meo || [lenited nom stem]+ae || [lenited nom stem]+eu
|}
 
Here's an example:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''neowaeth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || neowaeth || neowaethmeo || neowaethae || neowaetheu
|-
| (Genitive) || neowaesj || neowaethmeon || neowaethaer || neowaetheur
|-
| Comparative || neowaet || neowaethmeoth || neowaethaeth || neowaetheuth
|-
| Vocative || neowaeth || neowaethmeo || neowaethae || neowaetheu
|}
 
=====Second declension=====
 
Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:
* suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, c, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh;
* otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.
 
The paradigm is as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+eom || [gen stem]+ae || [gen stem]+eu
|-
| (Genitive) || [gen stem]+eo || [gen stem]+eomeon || [gen stem]+aer || [gen stem]+eur
|-
| Comparative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+eomeoth || [gen stem]+aeth || [gen stem]+euth
|-
| Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+eom || [lenited gen stem]+ae || [lenited gen stem]+eu
|}
 
An example:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''maexneu'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
|-
| Nominative || maexneu || maexneureom || maexneurae || maexneureu
|-
| (Genitive) || maexneureo || maexneureomeon || maexneuraer || maexneureur
|-
| Comparative || maexneurth || maexneureomeoth || maexneuraeth || maexneureuth
|-
| Vocative || waexneu || waexneureom || waexneurae || waexneureu
|}
 
Verbal nouns ending in -reo are always second declension masculine.
 
* dexreo 'to rest'
* ithreo 'to eat'
* maerthreo 'to sit'
 
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
 
The Rencadian word order is TSVO (tense-subject-verb-object) or TSOV (tense-subject-object-verb). The tense is indicated by a particle:
 
*co = present progressive
*ceuvo = simple present
*pae = past
*paenwae = past habitual (the equivalent of "used to" in English)
*sjin = future
 
Tense particles, like prepositions, may fuse with pronouns.
 
(yet to create tables)
 
===Noun phrase===
 
Noun phrases are consistently head-initial.
 
There are no adjectives per se in Rencadian, only abstract nouns whose genitives can function as adjectives:
 
*''zjaereo'' = small (< ''zjaer'' 'smallness')
*''doasc aereo'' = small number
*''zaweoth zjaereo'' = small ant
 
Adjectives lenite after feminine nouns (e.g. ''doasc'') but not after masculine nouns (e.g. ''zaweoth'').
 
Relative clauses are marked with the words ''reo'' or ''tjeo'' (both meaning 'of', but 'reo' is used when the complement is definite). Rencadian uses resumptive pronouns a lot -- so "the man who the wolf ate" literally translates as "the man of the wolf eating him".
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script =
|phrase = xanae tjeo poreownae meo caew nitheu
|IPA = /ˈɮanɛ tʃʰə ˈpʰɔrəwnɛ mə kʰɛw ˈnɪθɨ/
| morphemes = xa-nae tjeo poreow-nae meo caew-L ith-eu
| gloss = person-SG.DEF.NOM TJEO wolf-SG.DEF.NOM AFF 3SG.GEN eat
| translation = the man who the wolf ate
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script =
|phrase = xanae reo nFrichorsjnae
|IPA = /ˈɮanɛ rə‿nfrɪˈxɔrʃnɛ/
| morphemes = xa-nae reo-L Frichorsj-nae
| gloss = person-SG.DEF.NOM REO Frichorsj-SG.DEF.NOM
| translation = the man from Frichorsj (a place)
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script =
|phrase = xanae tjeo meo nFrichorsjnae
|IPA = /ˈɮanɛ tʃʰə mə‿nfrɪˈxɔrʃnɛ/
| morphemes = xa-nae tjeo meo-L Frichorsj-nae
| gloss = person-SG.DEF.NOM TJEO LOC Frichorsj-SG.DEF.NOM
| translation = the man in Frichorsj
}}
 
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Numerals==
Rencadian uses a base-6 numeral system.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! {{PAGENAME}} symbol !! Word
|-
| 0 || Ψ || ''dira''
|-
| 1|| I || ''aeth''
|-
| 2|| V || ''slonw''
|-
| 3|| N || ''daenr''
|-
| 4|| M || ''stjiw''
|-
| 5|| E || ''dhasjtur''
|-
| 6|| IΨ || ''maech''
|-
| 7|| II || ''aethach''
|-
| 8|| IV || ''slonwach''
|-
| 9|| IN || ''daenrach''
|-
| 10|| IM || ''stjiwach''
|-
| 11|| IE || ''dhasjturach''
|-
| 12|| VΨ|| ''slonwaeq''
|-
| 13|| VI|| ''slonwaeq a naeth''
|-
| 14|| VV|| ''slonwaeq a hlonw''
|-
| 15|| VN|| ''slonwaeq a dhaenr''
|-
| 16|| VM|| ''slonwaeq a htjiw''
|-
| 17|| VE|| ''slonwaeq a ndhasjtur''
|-
| 18|| NΨ|| ''daenraeq''
|-
| 35|| EE|| ''dhasjturaeq a ndhasjtur''
|-
| 36|| IΨΨ|| ''raegh''
|-
| 1295|| EEEE|| ''dhasjturaeq a ndhasjtur raegh a dhasjturaeq a ndhasjtur''
|-
| 1296|| IʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''dmozj''
|-
| 2592|| VʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''slonw dmozj''
|-
| 3888|| NʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''daenr dmozj''
|-
| 5184|| MʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''stjiw dmozj''
|-
| 6480|| EʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''dhasjtur dmozj''
|-
| 7776|| IΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''maech dhmozj''
|-
| 9072|| IIʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''aethach dhmozj''
|-
| 1679616|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''dmozjir''
|-
| 2176782336|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''tsifeod''
|-
| 2821109907456|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ || ''tsifeodir''
|-
| 3656158440062976|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''veorqiw''
|-
| 4738381338321616896|| IʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨʼΨΨΨΨ|| ''veorqiwir''
|}
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]]
[[Category:Rencadic languages]]
[[Category:Pulchric languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Zul]]

Revision as of 12:55, 27 September 2016

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