Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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Line 346: Line 346:
| <center>𐍀</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-p.png]]</center>
| <center>𐍀</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>p</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-p.png]]</center>
|-
|-
 
|rowspan=2| <center>𐍂</center> ||rowspan=2| <center>r</center> || <center>ɾ~r</center> || <center>r</center> || <center>r</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-r.png]]</center>
|-
|  <center>ɾ̩~r̩</center> || <center>r̩</center> ||style="background:gray" colspan=2|
|-
| <center>𐍃</center> || <center>s</center> || <center>s</center> || <center>s</center> || <center>s</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-s.png]]</center>
|-
|style="background:gray" colspan=2| || <center>ʃ</center> || <center>š</center> || <center>š</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-sh.png]]</center>
|-
| <center>𐍄</center> || <center>t</center> || <center>t</center> || <center>t</center> || <center>t</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-t.png]]</center>
|-
| <center>𐌸</center> || <center>þ</center> || <center>θ</center> || <center>þ</center> || <center>þ</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-th.png]]</center>
|-
|rowspan=2| <center>𐌿</center> || <center>u</center> || <center>u</center> || <center>u</center> || <center>u</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-u.png]]</center>
|-
|  <center>ū</center> || <center>uː</center> || <center>ū</center> || <center>ō</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-oo.png]]</center>
|-
|style="background:gray" colspan=2| || <center>v</center> || <center>v</center> || <center>v</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-v.png]]</center>
|-
|rowspan=2| <center>𐍅</center> ||rowspan=2| <center>w</center> || <center>w</center> || <center>w</center> || <center>w</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-w.png]]</center>
|-
|  <center>ɯ~ʏ</center> || <center>υ</center> ||style="background:gray" colspan=2|
|-
|style="background:gray" colspan=2| || <center>y</center> || <center>y</center> || <center>y</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-y.png]]</center>
|-
|style="background:gray" colspan=2| || <center>yː</center> || <center>ȳ</center> || <center>ȳ</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-yy.png]]</center>
|-
|  <center>𐌶</center> || <center>z</center> || <center>z</center> || <center>z</center> ||style="background:gray" colspan=2|
|-
|style="background:gray" colspan=2| || <center>ʐ</center> || <center>ž</center> || <center>ž</center> || <center>[[File:Gutish-zh.png]]</center>
|-
|}
|}



Revision as of 20:57, 9 November 2016


Gutish is an East Germanic language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with Gothic, though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of Wulfilas. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Gutish did consider themselves Goths, as reflected in its name. (It is likely similar in development to Modern High German – Deutsch – which is not directly descended from Old High German, but rather a similar dialect spoken by a group who also considered themselves “Diutisk.”) While it shares many of the areal changes of the Northwest Germanic languages, it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalization, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Slavic languages.

Writing System

Alphabet & Pronunciation

Gutish-a.png
Gutish-ae.png
Gutish-b.png
Gutish-g.png
Gutish-gh.png
Gutish-d.png
Gutish-dh.png
Gutish-e.png
[ɑ]
aska
‘ash’
[e̞ː]
ǣjus
‘horse’
[b]
berkna
‘birch’
[ɡ]
giva
‘gift’
[ʤ]
ǧus
‘creature’
[d]
daǧ
‘day’
[ð]
ǣði
‘mother’
[e̞]
erða
‘earth’
Gutish-zh.png
Gutish-h.png
Gutish-th.png
Gutish-i.png
Gutish-j.png
Gutish-k.png
Gutish-l.png
Gutish-m.png
[ʐ]
akuža
‘axe’
[h]
haglas
‘hail’
[θ]
þornus
‘thorn’
[i]
igil
‘hedgehog’
[j]
jēr
‘year’
[k]
kune
‘family’
[l]
lagus
‘lake’
[m]
matna
‘man’
Gutish-n.png
Gutish-o.png
Gutish-p.png
Gutish-r.png
Gutish-s.png
Gutish-sh.png
Gutish-t.png
Gutish-ch.png
[n]
nǭþs
‘need’
[o̞]
orte
‘garden’
[p]
perðra
‘chance’
[r]
rǣða
‘wheel’
[s]
sōgil
‘sun’
[ʃ]
šug
‘family’
[t]
tījus
‘Teu’
[ʧ]
čusins
‘chioce’
Gutish-u.png
Gutish-v.png
Gutish-f.png
Gutish-w.png
Gutish-oe.png
Gutish-y.png
Gutish-oa.png
[u]
uvils
‘bad’
[v]
ivras
‘boar’
[f]
fǣjo
‘cattle’
[w]
wynia
‘joy’
[ø̞]
œrča
‘farmer’
[y]
ynča
‘ounce’
[o̞ː]
ǭsus
‘ox’

Non-Alphabetic Variants

Gutish-aa.png
Gutish-ee.png
Gutish-ii.png
Gutish-oo.png
Gutish-uu.png
Gutish-oeoe.png
Gutish-yy.png
[ɑː]
āde
‘egg’
[iː]
ēls
‘eel’
[ai̯]
īs
‘ice’
[uː]
ōðlas
‘inheritance’
[au̯]
ūrus
‘aurochs’
[ø̞ː]
œ̄ja
‘island’
[yː]
ȳftigi
‘timeliness’

Though the seven long vowels of the Non-Alphabetic Variants have individual names, they are not considered to be part of the standard alphabet or alphabetical order. Instead, each long vowel is considered alphabetically to be the equivalent of its doubled short counterpart. That is, ‹ā› is equivalent to ‹aa›, ‹ē› to ‹ee›, ‹ī› to ‹ii›, and so on. This becomes complicated by the fact that all long vowels except for ‹ā› are raised, though it’s not actually any different than what happens to the letter names in English. (The long vowels ‹ǣ› and ‹ǭ› are included in the standard alphabetical order, and do not have short forms, though they are written with macrons in their Romanized forms.)

(NB: The Gutish alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a Romanization of the letters shown in the table above.)

Orthography

The orthography of Gutish is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions – four, in fact:

  1. The letter ‹n› is used before ‹g› or ‹k› to indicate the velar nasal [ŋ]. Specifically, ‹ng› is [ŋg] and ‹nk› is [ŋk]. (E.g. drinkna [driŋk.na] ‘to drink’.)
  2. In combinations where ‹ng› is followed by another nasal consonant, [g] is elided in speech: ‹ngm› is [ŋm] and ‹ngn› is [ŋn]. (E.g. gangna [gaŋ.na] ‘to go’; not **[gaŋg.na].)
  3. The diphthong ‹eu› is realized as [ɛu̯] (rather than the expected [e̞u̯]). (E.g. sneugna [snɛu̯g.na] ‘to snow’.)
  4. The diphthong ‹øu› is realized as [œy̑] (rather than the expected [ø̞u̯]).

Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent only if:

  1. The stress is not on the first syllable, and
  2. the stressed syllable is a short vowel. (Long vowels cannot be unstressed, though they may sometimes take secondary stress.)

For example, fergúne ‘mountain’, but garǣts ‘correct’.

Ligatures & Liaisons

When two like vowels of equal value come together, the words may form a ligature. This is most common with the articles ( + a-, + u-, etc.) and particles (e.g + i-).

  • Articles
    • Mandatory:
      • sā, hwā, twā + a-, ā- → s’ā-, hw’ā-, tw’ā-
        • sā aplass’āplas, ‘the apple’
        • twā aðnatw’āðna ‘two seasons’
      • sō, þō, hō + u-, ō- → s’ō-, þ’ō-, h’ō-
        • sō uréčas’ōréča, ‘the persuit’
        • sō ōss’ōs, ‘the ewe’
      • þǣ, twǣ + e-, ǣ- → þ’ǣ-, tw’ǣ-
        • þǣ ǣjusþ’ǣjus ‘the horses’
        • twǣ elistw’ǣlis ‘two others’
      • nī, þrī, hī + i-, ī- → n’ī-, þr’ī-, h’ī-
        • nī istn’īst, ‘isn’t’
        • hī īsranh’īsran ‘this iron’

Alternative Writing Systems

Cursive

Coming soon...

Romanization

Gutish-a.png
a
[ɑ]
Gutish-aa.png
ā
[ɑː]
Gutish-a-acute.png
á
['a]
Gutish-ae.png
ǣ
[eː]
Gutish-b.png
b
[b]
Gutish-ch.png
č
[ʧ]
Gutish-d.png
d
[d]
Gutish-dh.png
ð
[ð]
Gutish-e.png
e
[e̞]
Gutish-ee.png
ē
[iː]
Gutish-e-acute.png
é
['e̞]
Gutish-f.png
f
[f]
Gutish-g.png
g
[ɡ]
Gutish-gh.png
ǧ
[ʤ]
Gutish-h.png
h
[h]
Gutish-i.png
i
[i]
Gutish-ii.png
ī
[ai̯]
Gutish-i-acute.png
í
['i]
Gutish-j.png
j
[j]
Gutish-k.png
k
[k]
Gutish-l.png
l
[l]
Gutish-m.png
m
[m]
Gutish-n.png
n
[n]
Gutish-o.png
o
[o̞]
Gutish-oo.png
ō
[uː]
Gutish-o-acute.png
ó
['o̞]
Gutish-oa.png
ǭ
[o̞ː]
Gutish-oe.png
œ
[ø̞]
Gutish-oeoe.png
œ̄
[ø̞ː]
Gutish-oe-acute.png
œ́
['ø̞]
Gutish-p.png
p
[p]
Gutish-r.png
r
[ɾ]
Gutish-s.png
s
[s]
Gutish-sh.png
š
[ʃ]
Gutish-t.png
t
[t]
Gutish-u.png
u
[u]
Gutish-uu.png
ū
[au̯]
Gutish-u-acute.png
ú
['u]
Gutish-v.png
v
[v]
Gutish-w.png
w
[w]
Gutish-y.png
y
[y]
Gutish-yy.png
ȳ
[yː]
Gutish-y-acute.png
ý
['y]
Gutish-zh.png
ž
[ʐ]
Gutish-th.png
þ
[θ]

Transcriptional Alphabet for Intermediate Language Changes

Gothic
Gothic Trans-liter-ation
IPA
Trans-scrip-tion
Gutish Trans-liter-ation
Gutish
𐌰
a
ɑ
a
a
Gutish-a.png
ā
ɑː
ā
ā
Gutish-aa.png
𐌰𐌾
aj
ɑi̯
ai
ī
Gutish-ii.png
𐌰𐍅
aw
ɑu̯
au
ū
Gutish-uu.png
𐌱
b
b
b
b
Gutish-b.png
β
β
ʧ
č
č
Gutish-ch.png
𐌳
d
d
d
d
Gutish-d.png
ð
ð
ð
Gutish-dh.png
𐌰𐌹
ɛ~e̞
e
e
Gutish-e.png
ai
ɛː
ɛ̄
ɛu̯
eu
eu
Gutish-e.pngGutish-u.png
𐌴
ē
ē
ǣ
Gutish-ae.png
𐍆
f
f
f
f
Gutish-f.png
𐌲
g
g
g
g
Gutish-g.png
ɣ
ɣ
𐌷
h
h
h
h
Gutish-h.png
𐍈
ƕ
hʷ~hw~ʍ
hw
hw
Gutish-h.pngGutish-w.png
𐌹
i
ɪ~i
i
i
Gutish-i.png
𐌴𐌹
ei
ī
ē
Gutish-ee.png
𐌾
j
j
j
j
Gutish-j.png
𐌺
k
k
k
k
Gutish-k.png
𐌵
q
kʷ~kw
kw
kw
Gutish-k.pngGutish-w.png
𐌻
l
l
l
l
Gutish-l.png
𐌼
m
m
m
m
Gutish-m.png
𐌽
n
n
n
n
Gutish-n.png
𐌲𐌲
gg
ŋg
ng
ng
Gutish-n.pngGutish-g.png
ŋm
ngm
ngm
Gutish-n.pngGutish-g.pngGutish-m.png
ŋn
ngn
ngn
Gutish-n.pngGutish-g.pngGutish-n.png
𐌲𐌺
gk
ŋk
nk
nk
Gutish-n.pngGutish-k.png
𐌲𐌵
gq
ŋkw~ŋkʷ
nkw
nkw
Gutish-n.pngGutish-k.pngGutish-w.png
𐌰𐌿
ɔ~o̞
o
o
Gutish-o.png
au
ɔː
ɔ̄
𐍉
ō
ō
ǭ
Gutish-oa.png
œ
œ
œː
œ̄
ø̞
ø
œ
Gutish-oe.png
ø̞ː
ø̄
œ̄
Gutish-oeoe.png
œy̑
œy
œu
Gutish-oe.pngGutish-u.png
𐍀
p
p
p
p
Gutish-p.png
𐍂
r
ɾ~r
r
r
Gutish-r.png
ɾ̩~r̩
𐍃
s
s
s
s
Gutish-s.png
ʃ
š
š
Gutish-sh.png
𐍄
t
t
t
t
Gutish-t.png
𐌸
þ
θ
þ
þ
Gutish-th.png
𐌿
u
u
u
u
Gutish-u.png
ū
ū
ō
Gutish-oo.png
v
v
v
Gutish-v.png
𐍅
w
w
w
w
Gutish-w.png
ɯ~ʏ
υ
y
y
y
Gutish-y.png
ȳ
ȳ
Gutish-yy.png
𐌶
z
z
z
ʐ
ž
ž
Gutish-zh.png

Phonology

Final Obstruent Devoicing

...

Pronouns

Numbers

Articles & Determiners

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives