Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation	[/θensaːrimem/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of all living Talmic languages. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 20 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	(p /p/)	t /t/			c /k/	ȝ /ʡ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /φ/	θ /θ/	s /s/			ħ /ħ~ʜ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced		δ /ð/	z /z/			ȝ [ʕ~ʢ]
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		v /w~ʋ/	l /l/		j /j/

Notes

• Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are unaspirated.
• /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
• /l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
• /p/ is not a native phoneme, only occurring in Kagasa or Clofabic borrowings.

Conditioned allophony

Allophony in Tigol/Proto-Tigol is limited.

Phoneme	Allophone	Condition(s)
/n/	[ŋ]	_C[+velar, +plosive]
	[ɱ]	_C[+labiodental]
C[+obstruent, ±voiced]	C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]	_C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]

Vowels

Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ÿ/	ȳ /ÿː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /e/	ē /eː/			o /o/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes

• /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
• /e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.

Phonological diachronics

Simple consonant correspondences

PTal	*m	*p	*b	*ɸ	*n	*t	*d	*s	*z	*r	*θ	*ł	*λ	*l	*j	*k	*g	*x	*kʷ	*gʷ	*xʷ	*w	*q	*χ	*ʁ	*ʔ	*h
Thm.	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s	z, -r-	r	θ	θ	δ	l	j	c	g	χ	c	v	f	v	ʒ	ħ	γ	0-	h-

Consonant clusters

• tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

• *a > o
• *ə > e
• *i > i
• *u > u (or o if *a should > a)
• *ay > ȳ
• *əy > ae
• *uy > ui
• *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
• *aw > ao
• *əw > iō
• *iw > iū
• *uw > ū
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co
• *Cx > Cy
• *əx, ix̌ > ē
  • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō for sure
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao?
• *ix̌ʷ > iō?
• *ux̌ʷ > ō?
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
• *iy(ə)x > iē

Orthography

Tigol/Proto-Tigol runic script.

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

1. R:
2. D:
3. Z:
4. I:
5. A:
6. Ħ:
7. F:
8. M:
9. L:
10. G:
11. C:
12. H:
13. B:
14. S:
15. V:
16. O:
17. J:
18. Ȝ:
19. Δ:
20. Y:
21. T:
22. N:
23. Θ:
24. P:
25. E:
26. U:

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

θȳrom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	θȳrom	θoθȳrom	θȳrīs
Definite	θȳrae	θoθȳrae	θȳrinny

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	gondā	gogondā	gondār
Definite	gondām	gogondām	gondāsa

Neuter nouns

tectȳ 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tecty	tetecty	tectȳn
Definite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenā	jenenā
Definite	jenaȝes	jenenaȝes

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

• 1sg: ni-
• 2sg: ri-
• 3sg: bi-
• 1pl.ex: mē-
• 1pl.ex: dē-
• 2pl: sē-
• 3pl: nē-

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

• cafsynis = I eat
• tir cafsyn = I do not eat

Present

toren = 'I flourish'

toren(is), torer(is), torem(is), toresi(s), tore(s), toremā(s), torente(s), toresce(s), toret(is)

• 1sg -n(is)
• 2sg -r(is)
• 3sg.m -m(is)
• 3sg.f -si(s)
• 3sg.n -((i)s)?
• 1ex -mā(s)
• 1in -nte(s)
• 2pl -sce(s)
• 3pl -t(is)

Imperfect

totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoret(is) Reduplication + present suffixes

Perfect

Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly STEM-īn-)

Preterite

torenne(s), torerȳ(s), toresmi(s), toressi(s), toreso(s), toremer(is), toreter(is), torescer(is), torester(is)

• 1sg: -nne(s)
• 2sg: -rȳ(s)
• 3sg.m: -smi(s)
• 3pl.f: -ssi(s)
• 3sg.n: -so(s)
• 1ex: -mer(is)
• 1in: -ter(is)
• 3pl: -scer(is)
• 3pl: -ster(is)

Future

toretēn(is), toretēr(is), toretēm(is), toretēsi(s), toretē(s), toretēmā(s), toretēnt(is), toretēsce(s), toretēt(is)

• 1sg -tēn(is)
• 2sg -tēr(is)
• 3sg.m -tēm(is)
• 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
• 3sg.n -tē(s)?
• 1ex -tēmā(s)
• 1in -tēnt(is)
• 2pl -tēsce(s)
• 3pl -tēt(is)

Subjunctive

torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)

• 1sg: -nae(s)
• 2sg: -rae(s)
• 3sg.m: -mior(is)
• 3sg.f: -sior(is)
• 3sg.n: -ior(is)
• 1ex: -mae(s)
• 1in: -ntae(s)
• 2pl: -scae(s)
• 3pl: -tior(is)

Optative

• 1sg -von(is)?
• 2sg -vor(is)
• 3sg.m -vom(is)
• 3sg.f -vosi(s)
• 3sg.n -vo((i)s)
• 1ex -vomā(s)
• 1in -vunt(is)
• 2pl -vosce(s)
• 3pl -vot(is)

Imperative

tores!/ham tore!, torentēs!/ham torentē!, torescēs!/ham torescē!

• 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
• 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
• 2pl: -scē(s)

Derivational morphology

• ber- = nominalizer
• ēs- = co-, together
• -ro- = passive marker
• -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

• 1: cēmom
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stāmom
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēmom
• 12: naesā

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).