Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
m (→Vowel reflexes) |
m (→Vowel reflexes) |
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| Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
Usually: | Usually: | ||
*{{recon|''a''}} > ''o'' | *{{recon|''a''}} > ''o'' | ||
*{{recon|''ax̌, əx̌''}} > ''ā'' | |||
*{{recon|''aʔ''}} > ''ō'' | |||
*{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e'' | *{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e'' | ||
*{{recon|''i''}} > ''i'' | *{{recon|''i''}} > ''i'' | ||
| Line 250: | Line 252: | ||
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co'' | *{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co'' | ||
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy'' | *{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy'' | ||
*{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē'' | *{{recon|''əʔ, əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē'' | ||
**or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''? | **or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''? | ||
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' | *{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' | ||
Revision as of 03:24, 30 December 2016
 | This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
Diese Seite auf Deutsch
| Tigol/Proto-Tigol | |
|---|---|
| θensārimem | |
| Pronunciation | [/θensaːrimem/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Hussmauch |
| Extinct | 220 v.T. |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qth |
Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tígeł and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
Todo
- *pt > ct
Notes on notation
Glossary
- ~: cognate to
Background
Phonology
Consonants
Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | n [ŋ] | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | (p /p/) | t /t/ | c /k/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /φ/ | θ /θ/ | s /s/ | ħ /ħ/ | h /h~ɦ/ | ||
| voiced | δ /ð/ | (z /z/) | ȝ /ʕ/ | |||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /w~ʋ/ | l /l/ | j /j/ | |||||
- Notes
- Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets.
- /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
- /l/ is dental [l̪].
- /p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
- /ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.
Vowels
Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | y /ÿ/ | ȳ /ÿː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | ē /eː/ | o /ɔ/ | ō /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: ae ao ui
- Notes
- /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
Suprasegmentals
Phonotactics
Phonological diachronics
Simple consonant correspondences
| PTal | *m | *p | *b | *ɸ | *n | *t | *d | *s | *z | *r | *θ | *ł | *λ | *l | *j | *k | *g | *x | *kʷ | *gʷ | *xʷ | *w | *q | *χ | *ʁ | *ʔ | *h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thm. | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s | r | r | θ | θ | δ | l | j | c | g | χ | c | v | f | v | ȝ | ħ | γ | 0- | h- |
Consonant clusters
- tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?
Vowel reflexes
Usually:
- *a > o
- *ax̌, əx̌ > ā
- *aʔ > ō
- *ə > e
- *i > i
- *u > u
- *ay > ȳ
- *əy > ae
- *uy > ui
- *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
- *aw > ao
- *əw > iō
- *iw > iū
- *uw > ū
- *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
- *Cxʷ > Co
- *Cx > Cy
- *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
- or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
- *ux̌, x̌u > ō
- *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
- *ix̌ʷ > iō
- *ux̌ʷ > ō
- *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
- *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eā
- *iy(ə)x > iē
Orthography
The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
The alphabetical order is as follows:
- R:
- D:
- Z:
- I:
- A:
- Ħ:
- F:
- M:
- L:
- G:
- C:
- H:
- B:
- S:
- V:
- O:
- J:
- Ȝ:
- Δ:
- Y:
- T:
- N:
- Θ:
- P:
- E:
- U:
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
Masculine nouns
| δȳrom 'bird' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | δȳrom | δoδȳrom | δȳrīs |
| Definite | δȳrae | δoδȳrae | δȳrinny |
Feminine nouns
| gondā 'body' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | gondā | gogondā | gondār |
| Definite | gondām | gogondām | gondāsa |
Neuter nouns
| tecty 'child' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | tecty | tetecty | tectȳn |
| Definite | tectys | tetectys | tectȳr |
Mass nouns
| jenā 'water' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Indefinite | jenā | jenenā | |
| Definite | jenaȝes | jenenaȝes | |
Possessive suffixes
Verbs
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
- switch-reference marker
- applicative or derivational prefixes
- object prefix
- (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
- STEM
- voice suffix
- TAM + subject
- emphatic suffix -is
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
Object markers
- 1sg: ni-
- 2sg: ri-
- 3sg: bi-
- 1pl.ex: mē-
- 1pl.ex: dē-
- 2pl: sē-
- 3pl: nē-
TAM + subject markers
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
- Consonant stems: (-y-)
- Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
- cafsynis = I eat
- tir cafsyn = I do not eat
Present
toren = 'I flourish'
toren(is), torer(is), torem(is), toresi(s), tore(s), toremā(s), torente(s), toresce(s), toret(is)
- 1sg -n(is)
- 2sg -r(is)
- 3sg.m -m(is)
- 3sg.f -si(s)
- 3sg.n -((i)s)?
- 1ex -mā(s)
- 1in -nte(s)
- 2pl -sce(s)
- 3pl -t(is)
Imperfect
totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoret(is) Reduplication + present suffixes
Perfect
Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly STEM-īn-)
Preterite
torenne(s), torerȳ(s), toresmi(s), toressi(s), toreso(s), toremer(is), toreter(is), torescer(is), torester(is)
- 1sg: -nne(s)
- 2sg: -rȳ(s)
- 3sg.m: -smi(s)
- 3pl.f: -ssi(s)
- 3sg.n: -so(s)
- 1ex: -mer(is)
- 1in: -ter(is)
- 3pl: -scer(is)
- 3pl: -ster(is)
Future
toretēn(is), toretēr(is), toretēm(is), toretēsi(s), toretē(s), toretēmā(s), toretēnte(s), toretēsce(s), toretēt(is)
- 1sg -tēn(is)
- 2sg -tēr(is)
- 3sg.m -tēm(is)
- 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
- 3sg.n -tē(s)?
- 1ex -tēmā(s)
- 1in -tēnte(s)
- 2pl -tēsce(s)
- 3pl -tēt(is)
Subjunctive
torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)
- 1sg: -nae(s)
- 2sg: -rae(s)
- 3sg.m: -mior(is)
- 3sg.f: -sior(is)
- 3sg.n: -ior(is)
- 1ex: -mae(s)
- 1in: -ntae(s)
- 2pl: -scae(s)
- 3pl: -tior(is)
Optative
- 1sg -don(is)?
- 2sg -dor(is)
- 3sg.m -dom(is)
- 3sg.f -dosi(s)
- 3sg.n -do((i)s)
- 1ex -domā(s)
- 1in -dunt(is)
- 2pl -dosce(s)
- 3pl -dot(is)
Imperative
tores!/ham tore!, torentēs!/ham torentē!, torescēs!/ham torescē!
- 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
- 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
- 2pl: -scē(s)
Derivational morphology
- ar- = telic
- fer- = nominalizer
- ēs- = co-, together
- -ro- = passive marker
- -t- = a causative marker
Numbers
- 1: cēmom
- 2: tiθōr
- 3: narge
- 4: δaobe
- 5: salithe
- 6: stāmom
- 7: rōde
- 8: lorede
- 9: barve
- 10: ħiōr
- 11: jācēmom
- 12: naesā
Syntax
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).