Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation	[/θensaːrimem/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tígeł and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

Explain those clusters from PQ clusters

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	(p /p/)	t /t/			c /k/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /φ/	θ /θ/	s /s/			ħ /ħ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced		δ /ð/	(z /z/)			ȝ /ʕ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		v /w~ʋ/	l /l/		j /j/

Notes

• Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets.
• /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
• /l/ is dental [l̪].
• /p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
• /ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.

Vowels

Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ÿ/	ȳ /ÿː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ē /eː/			o /ɔ/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes

• /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].

Phonotactics

Allowed clusters

R = resonant, X = obstruent

Geminates

• mm, nn, ll, rr, tt, cc, ss, θθ

RR

• mn, mr, nl, nv, lm, ln, lv, rl, rm, rn, rv, vl, vr

RX

• nf, nt, nθ, ns, nc, nħ
• mb, nd, nδ, ng, nȝ
• lf, lb, lt, ld, ls, lc, lg, lȝ, lħ
• rf, rb, rt, rd, rs, rθ, rδ, rc, rg, rȝ, rħ

XR

• fn, tn, θn, cn, gn, ȝn, ħn
• sm, sn, sl, sr, sv
• fl, bl, fr, br
• tl, dl, tr, dr, θr, δr
• cl, gl, cr, gr
• ȝl, ħl, ȝr, ħr

XX

• sf, st, sc, sȝ, sb, sd, sg
• cs, ct, ħs, ħt

XXR

• sfr, str, scl, scr, sȝl, sȝr

Phonological diachronics

Consonant correspondences

• b < PQ pʼ, b
• f < PQ p
• t < PQ t, ƛ
• d < PQ tʼ, d
• θ < PQ ł
• δ < PQ ƛʼ
• s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
• c < PQ k, kʷ
• g < PQ kʼ, g
• ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
• ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
• h < PQ h
• m < PQ m, mʼ
• n < PQ n
• l < PQ l, λ
• r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
• v < PQ w, wʼ
• j < PQ y

Cluster resolution

• tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

• *a > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
• *ə > e
• *i > i
• *u > u
• *ay > ȳ
• *əy > ae
• *uy > ui
• *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
• *aw > ao
• *əw > iō
• *iw > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co
• *Cx > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
  • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
• *ix̌ʷ > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eā
• *iy(ə)x > iē

Orthography

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

1. R:
2. D:
3. Z:
4. I:
5. A:
6. Ħ:
7. F:
8. M:
9. L:
10. G:
11. C:
12. H:
13. B:
14. S:
15. V:
16. O:
17. J:
18. Ȝ:
19. Δ:
20. Y:
21. T:
22. N:
23. Θ:
24. P:
25. E:
26. U:

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

δȳrom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	δȳrom	δyδȳrom	δȳrīs
Definite	δȳrae	δyδȳrae	δȳrinny

Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'word'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δȳro	δȳror
1sg possessor	δȳron	δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor	δȳrossi	δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor	δȳrossy	δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor	δȳrō	δȳrory
3sg.f possessor	δȳrī	δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor	δȳra	δȳrora
1exc possessor	δȳromma	δȳroramma
1inc possessor	δȳront	δȳrorynt
2pl possessor	δȳrocca	δȳrorecca
3pl possessor	δȳrōr	δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	gondā	gogondā	gondār
Definite	gondām	gogondām	gondāsa

Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gondae	gondanna
1sg possessor	gondaen	gondannan
2sg.m possessor	gondaessi	gondannassi
2sg.f possessor	gondaessy	gondannassy
3sg.m possessor	gondaeō	gondanny
3sg.f possessor	gondaeī	gondannī
3sg.n possessor	gondaea	gondanna
1exc possessor	gondaemma	gondannamma
1inc possessor	gondaent	gondannynt
2pl possessor	gondaecca	gondannecca
3pl possessor	gondaeōr	gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tecty 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tecty	tetecty	tectȳn
Definite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳr

Possessed forms of tecty - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectym	tectȳsi
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectȳsia
1exc possessor	tectȳmma	tectȳsimma
1inc possessor	tectȳnt	tectȳsint
2pl possessor	tectȳcca	tectȳsicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenā	jenenā
Definite	jenaȝes	jenenaȝes

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

• 1sg: ni-
• 2sg: ri-
• 3sg: bi-
• 1pl.ex: mē-
• 1pl.ex: dē-
• 2pl: sē-
• 3pl: nē-

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

• cafsynis = I eat
• tir cafsyn = I do not eat

Present

toren = 'I flourish'

toren(is), torer(is), torem(is), toresi(s), tore(s), toremā(s), torente(s), toresce(s), toret(is)

• 1sg -n(is)
• 2sg -r(is)
• 3sg.m -m(is)
• 3sg.f -si(s)
• 3sg.n -((i)s)?
• 1ex -mā(s)
• 1in -nte(s)
• 2pl -sce(s)
• 3pl -t(is)

Imperfect

totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoret(is) Reduplication + present suffixes

Perfect

Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly STEM-īn-)

Preterite

torenne(s), torerȳ(s), toresmi(s), toressi(s), toreso(s), toremer(is), toreter(is), torescer(is), torester(is)

• 1sg: -nne(s)
• 2sg: -rȳ(s)
• 3sg.m: -smi(s)
• 3pl.f: -ssi(s)
• 3sg.n: -so(s)
• 1ex: -mer(is)
• 1in: -ter(is)
• 3pl: -scer(is)
• 3pl: -ster(is)

Future

toretēn(is), toretēr(is), toretēm(is), toretēsi(s), toretē(s), toretēmā(s), toretēnte(s), toretēsce(s), toretēt(is)

• 1sg -tēn(is)
• 2sg -tēr(is)
• 3sg.m -tēm(is)
• 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
• 3sg.n -tē(s)?
• 1ex -tēmā(s)
• 1in -tēnte(s)
• 2pl -tēsce(s)
• 3pl -tēt(is)

Subjunctive

torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)

• 1sg: -nae(s)
• 2sg: -rae(s)
• 3sg.m: -mior(is)
• 3sg.f: -sior(is)
• 3sg.n: -ior(is)
• 1ex: -mae(s)
• 1in: -ntae(s)
• 2pl: -scae(s)
• 3pl: -tior(is)

Optative

• 1sg -dun(is)?
• 2sg -dur(is)
• 3sg.m -dum(is)
• 3sg.f -dusi(s)
• 3sg.n -du((i)s)
• 1ex -dumā(s)
• 1in -dunt(is)
• 2pl -dusce(s)
• 3pl -dut(is)

Imperative

tores!/ham tore!, torentēs!/ham torentē!, torescēs!/ham torescē!

• 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
• 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
• 2pl: -scē(s)

Derivational morphology

• ar-, afor- = telic
• fer- = nominalizer
• ēs- = co-, together
• -ro- = passive marker
• -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

• 1: cēmym
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stāmym
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēmym
• 12: naesā

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).