Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
====Allowed clusters====
====Allowed clusters====
R = resonant, X = obstruent
*R = resonant X = obstruent
*Clusters allowed word-initially are in '''bold'''.
=====Geminates=====
=====Geminates=====
*''mm, nn, ll, rr, tt, cc, ss, θθ''
*''mm nn ll rr tt cc ss θθ''


=====RR=====
=====RR=====
*''mn, mr, nl, nv, lm, ln, lv, rl, rm, rn, rv, vl, vr''
*''mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv '''vl vr'''''


=====RX=====
=====RX=====
*''nf, nt, , ns, nc, nħ''
*''nf nt nθ ns nc nħ''
*''mb, nd, , ng, nȝ''
*''mb nd nδ ng nȝ''
*''lf, lb, lt, ld, ls, lc, lg, , lħ''
*''lf lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ''
*''rf, rb, rt, rd, rs, , , rc, rg, , rħ''
*''rf rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ''


=====XR=====
=====XR=====
*''fn, tn, θn, cn, gn, ȝn, ħn''
*''''fn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn'''''
*''sm, sn, sl, sr, sv''
*'''''sm sn sl sr sv'''''
*''fl, bl, fr, br''
*'''''fl bl fr br'''''
*''tl, dl, tr, dr, θr, δr''
*'''''tl dl tr dr θr δr'''''
*''cl, gl, cr, gr''
*'''''cl gl cr gr'''''
*''ȝl, ħl, ȝr, ħr''
*'''''ȝl ħl ȝr ħr'''''


=====XX=====
=====XX=====
*''sf, st, sc, , sb, sd, sg''
*'''''sf st sc sȝ''' sb sd sg''
*''cs, ct, ħs, ħt''
*''cs ct ħs ħt''


=====XXR=====
=====XXR=====
*''sfr, str, scl, scr, sȝl, sȝr''
*'''''sfr str scl scr sȝl sȝr'''''


===Phonological diachronics===
===Phonological diachronics===

Revision as of 04:24, 31 December 2016

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation[/θensaːrimem/]
Created byIlL
SettingHussmauch
Extinct220 v.T.
Quihum
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3qth
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tígeł and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

Explain those clusters from PQ clusters

Notes on notation

Glossary

  • ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Radical Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ n [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless (p /p/) t /t/ c /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative voiceless f /φ/ θ /θ/ s /s/ ħ /ħ/ h /h~ɦ/
voiced δ /ð/ (z /z/) ȝ /ʕ/
Trill r /r/
Approximant v /w~ʋ/ l /l/ j /j/


Notes
  • Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets.
  • /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
  • /l/ is dental [l̪].
  • /p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
  • /ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.

Vowels

Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ ī /iː/ y /ÿ/ ȳ /ÿː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Mid e /ɛ/ ē /eː/ o /ɔ/ ō /oː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes
  • /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].

Suprasegmentals

Phonotactics

Allowed clusters

  • R = resonant X = obstruent
  • Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.
Geminates
  • mm nn ll rr tt cc ss θθ
RR
  • mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv vl vr
RX
  • nf nt nθ ns nc nħ
  • mb nd nδ ng nȝ
  • lf lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ
  • rf rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ
XR
  • 'fn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn
  • sm sn sl sr sv
  • fl bl fr br
  • tl dl tr dr θr δr
  • cl gl cr gr
  • ȝl ħl ȝr ħr
XX
  • sf st sc sȝ sb sd sg
  • cs ct ħs ħt
XXR
  • sfr str scl scr sȝl sȝr

Phonological diachronics

Consonant correspondences

  • b < PQ pʼ, b
  • f < PQ p
  • t < PQ t, ƛ
  • d < PQ tʼ, d
  • θ < PQ ł
  • δ < PQ ƛʼ
  • s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
  • c < PQ k, kʷ
  • g < PQ kʼ, g
  • ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
  • ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
  • h < PQ h
  • m < PQ m, mʼ
  • n < PQ n
  • l < PQ l, λ
  • r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
  • v < PQ w, wʼ
  • j < PQ y

Cluster resolution

  • tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

  • *a > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
  • *ə > e
  • *i > i
  • *u > u
  • *ay > ȳ
  • *əy > ae
  • *uy > ui
  • *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
  • *aw > ao
  • *əw >
  • *iw >
  • *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co
  • *Cx > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
    • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
  • *ix̌ʷ >
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ >
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ >
  • *iy(ə)x >

Orthography

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

  1. R:
  2. D:
  3. Z:
  4. I:
  5. A:
  6. Ħ:
  7. F:
  8. M:
  9. L:
  10. G:
  11. C:
  12. H:
  13. B:
  14. S:
  15. V:
  16. O:
  17. J:
  18. Ȝ:
  19. Δ:
  20. Y:
  21. T:
  22. N:
  23. Θ:
  24. P:
  25. E:
  26. U:

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

δȳrom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite δȳrom δyδȳrom δȳrīs
Definite δȳrae δyδȳrae δȳrinny


Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'word'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct δȳro δȳror
1sg possessor δȳron δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor δȳrossi δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor δȳrossy δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor δȳrō δȳrory
3sg.f possessor δȳrī δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor δȳra δȳrora
1exc possessor δȳrommo δȳrorammo
1inc possessor δȳront δȳrorynt
2pl possessor δȳrocca δȳrorecca
3pl possessor δȳrōr δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gondā gogondā gondār
Definite gondām gogondām gondāsa


Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct gondae gondanna
1sg possessor gondaen gondannan
2sg.m possessor gondaessi gondannassi
2sg.f possessor gondaessy gondannassy
3sg.m possessor gondaeō gondanny
3sg.f possessor gondaeī gondannī
3sg.n possessor gondaea gondanna
1exc possessor gondaemmo gondannammo
1inc possessor gondaent gondannynt
2pl possessor gondaecca gondannecca
3pl possessor gondaeōr gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tecty 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tecty tetecty tectȳn
Definite tectys tetectys tectȳr


Possessed forms of tecty - 'child'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct tectym tectȳsi
1sg possessor tectyn tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor tectyssi tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor tectyssy tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor tectymy tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor tectymī tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor tectyma tectȳsia
1exc possessor tectȳmmo tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor tectȳnt tectȳsint
2pl possessor tectȳcca tectȳsicca
3pl possessor tectymōr tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenā jenenā
Definite jenaȝes jenenaȝes

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

  1. switch-reference marker
  2. applicative or derivational prefixes
  3. object prefix
  4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
  5. STEM
  6. voice suffix
  7. TAM + subject
  8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

  • 1sg: ni-
  • 2sg: ri-
  • 3sg: bi-
  • 1pl.ex: mē-
  • 1pl.ex: dē-
  • 2pl: sē-
  • 3pl: nē-

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

  • Consonant stems: (-y-)
  • Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

  • cafsynis = I eat
  • tir cafsyn = I do not eat
Present

toren = 'I flourish'

toren(is), torer(is), torem(is), toresi(s), tore(s), toremā(s), torente(s), toresce(s), toret(is)

  • 1sg -n(is)
  • 2sg -r(is)
  • 3sg.m -m(is)
  • 3sg.f -si(s)
  • 3sg.n -((i)s)?
  • 1ex -mā(s)
  • 1in -nte(s)
  • 2pl -sce(s)
  • 3pl -t(is)
Imperfect

totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoret(is) Reduplication + present suffixes

Perfect

Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly STEM-īn-)

Preterite

torenne(s), torerȳ(s), toresmi(s), toressi(s), toreso(s), toremer(is), toreter(is), torescer(is), torester(is)

  • 1sg: -nne(s)
  • 2sg: -rȳ(s)
  • 3sg.m: -smi(s)
  • 3pl.f: -ssi(s)
  • 3sg.n: -so(s)
  • 1ex: -mer(is)
  • 1in: -ter(is)
  • 3pl: -scer(is)
  • 3pl: -ster(is)
Future

toretēn(is), toretēr(is), toretēm(is), toretēsi(s), toretē(s), toretēmā(s), toretēnte(s), toretēsce(s), toretēt(is)

  • 1sg -tēn(is)
  • 2sg -tēr(is)
  • 3sg.m -tēm(is)
  • 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
  • 3sg.n -tē(s)?
  • 1ex -tēmā(s)
  • 1in -tēnte(s)
  • 2pl -tēsce(s)
  • 3pl -tēt(is)
Subjunctive

torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)

  • 1sg: -nae(s)
  • 2sg: -rae(s)
  • 3sg.m: -mior(is)
  • 3sg.f: -sior(is)
  • 3sg.n: -ior(is)
  • 1ex: -mae(s)
  • 1in: -ntae(s)
  • 2pl: -scae(s)
  • 3pl: -tior(is)
Optative
  • 1sg -dun(is)?
  • 2sg -dur(is)
  • 3sg.m -dum(is)
  • 3sg.f -dusi(s)
  • 3sg.n -du((i)s)
  • 1ex -dumā(s)
  • 1in -dunt(is)
  • 2pl -dusce(s)
  • 3pl -dut(is)
Imperative

tores!/ham tore!, torentēs!/ham torentē!, torescēs!/ham torescē!

  • 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
  • 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
  • 2pl: -scē(s)

Derivational morphology

  • ar-, afor- = telic
  • fer- = nominalizer
  • ēs- = co-, together
  • -ro- = passive marker
  • -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

  • 1: cēmym
  • 2: tiθōr
  • 3: narge
  • 4: δaobe
  • 5: salithe
  • 6: stāmym
  • 7: rōde
  • 8: lorede
  • 9: barve
  • 10: ħiōr
  • 11: jācēmym
  • 12: naesā

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts