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| Antarctican | | Antarctican is the most widely spoken language on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when |
| is spoken on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when | |
| runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of | | runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of |
| the word uninhabitable. It has been influenced by a variety of modern-day | | the word uninhabitable. It evolved from [[Proto-Antarctican]], which in turn evolved from a mixture of a wide variety of modern-day languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages. |
| languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages. | |
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| It has a | | It has a |
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| The | | The |
| morphosyntactic alignment is split ergative, with noun suffixes following an | | morphosyntactic alignment is split ergative (as is the syntax), with noun suffixes following an |
| ergative-absolutive system, but person marking on verbs following a | | ergative-absolutive system, but person marking on verbs following a |
| nominative-accusative system. Nouns also inflect for alienable and inalienable | | nominative-accusative system. Nouns also inflect for alienable and inalienable |
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| real marking of plurality of nouns. | | real marking of plurality of nouns. |
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| In the | | In the verbal morphology, transitivity is clearly marked. Verbs also |
| verbal morphology, mirativity and transitivity are clearly marked. Verbs also | |
| inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important. | | inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important. |
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| The | | The |
| pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, followed by its | | pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, preceded by its |
| romanisation in brackets. | | romanisation. |
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| There are 11 monophthongs: | | There are 11 monophthongs: |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Close-mid | | ! style="" |Close-mid |
| |'''ie''' /e/ | | |'''e''' /e/ |
| |'''e''' /ɘ/ | | |'''oe''' /ɘ/ |
| | '''uo''' /o/ | | | '''o''' /o/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Open-mid | | ! style="" |Open-mid |
| | '''ae''' /ɛ/ | | | '''ae''' /ɛ/ |
| |'''oe''' /ɜ/ | | |'''ao''' /ɜ/ |
| |'''o''' /ɔ/ | | |'''õ''' /ɔ/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Open | | ! style="" |Open |
| |'''a''' /a/ | | |'''a''' /a/ |
| | | | | |
| | '''ao''' /ɒ/ | | | '''ã''' /ɒ/ |
| |} | | |} |
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| And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 9 end in [w]: | | And there are 16 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 8 end in [w]: |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Close-mid | | ! style="" |Close-mid |
| |'''iey''' /ej/ | | |'''ey''' /ej/ |
| |'''ey''' /ɘj/ | | |'''oey''' /ɘi/ |
| | '''uoy''' /oj/ | | | '''oy''' /oj/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Open-mid | | ! style="" |Open-mid |
| | '''aey''' /ɛj/ | | | '''aey''' /ɛj/ |
| |'''oey''' /ɜj/ | | |'''aoy''' /ɜj/ |
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| |- | | |- |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Close-mid | | ! style="" |Close-mid |
| |'''iew''' /ew/ | | |'''ew''' /ew/ |
| |'''ew''' /ɘw/ | | |'''oew''' /ɘu/ |
| | '''uow''' /ow/ | | | '''ow''' /ou/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Open-mid | | ! style="" |Open-mid |
| | '''aew''' /&#ɛw/ | | | '''aew''' /ɛw/ |
| |'''oew''' /ɜw/ | | |'''aow''' /ɜw/ |
| |'''ow''' /ɔw/ | | |'''õw''' /ɔw/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Open | | ! style="" |Open |
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| |} | | |} |
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| ====Vowel phonation====
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| Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
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| *kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
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| *kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive
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| Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.
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| ====Vowel length==== | | ====Vowel length==== |
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| As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.
| | Vowel length is phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g. |
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| *kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | | *kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive |
| | *koow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive |
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| kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive
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| ====Phonation restrictions==== | | ====Vowel Phonation==== |
| However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
| | Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a small pharyngeal stop after the syllable e.g. /aˤ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a small voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aʱ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g. |
| |+'''Monophthong phonation'''
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
| | *kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive |
| | *ków /kouˤ/ - bigot, absolutive |
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
| | Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Close
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/
| | The vowel õ /ɔ/ cannot take breathy voice, and when it takes tense voice, it is marked with a circumflex accent i.e. ô. |
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' /ɨ/ from /i/
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/
| | =====Floating Phonation===== |
| |-
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| ! style="" |Breathy
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| | Similar to floating tones in Bantu languages (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone), the beginnings of words in Antarctican can have floating phonation (unmarked for modal phonation, written with ' before the word for tense phonation, and ` before the word for breathy phonation). As an example, the following words are pronounced identically when not inflected: |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /ɨɦ/
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' /uɦ/
| | ká /kaˤ/ - coconut milk, absolutive |
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| ! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ie''' /e/
| | 'ká /ˤkaˤ/ - fence, absolutive |
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''e''' /ɘ/ from /e/
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| | style="background-color: pink;"| '''uo''' /o/ from /u/
| | However, when they take the prefix wa- (3rd person topicalised possessive), they are different: |
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| ! style="" |Tense
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| | style="background-color: orange;"|'''íe''' /eʔ/
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| | style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /ɘʔ/
| | waká /wakaˤ/ - his / her coconut milk, absolutive |
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| | style="background-color: orange;"| '''úo''' /oʔ/
| | 'wáká /ˤwaˤkaˤ/ - his / her fence, absolutive |
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| ! style="" |Breathy
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''è''' /ɘɦ/
| | Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g. |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ùo''' /oɦ/
| | ámáelái /ʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - prey, absolutive |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' /ɛ/ from /a/
| | wa-ámáelái /waʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - his / her prey, absolutive (never wá-ámáelái) |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''o''' /ɔ/
| | ====Vowel Mutation==== |
| |-
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| ! style="" |Tense
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/
| | When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /ˤjɛuˤ/ e.g. |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óe''' /ɜʔ/
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| | style="background-color: orange;"|'''ó''' /ɔʔ/
| | yewká /jeukaˤ/ - our (including you) coconut milk, absolutive |
| |-
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| ! style="" |Breathy
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| | 'yáewká /ˤjɛuˤkaˤ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /ɜɦ/
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| | Also, the quality of a modally voiced vowel sometimes changes if the next vowel also has modal voice (this also depends on whether the intervening consonant is voice or voiceless). In the case of the prefix yew- /jeu/, this changes to yoew- /jɘu/ if the intervening consonant is voiceless (other than a glottal stop) e.g. |
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| ! rowspan="2"|Open
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''a''' /a/
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| | tõn /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive |
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| | style="background-color: pink;"| '''ao''' /ɒ/ from /ɔ/
| | yoewtõn /jɘutɔɴ/ - our (including you) change, absolutive |
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| ! style="" |Tense
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' /aʔ/
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| | These changes are given in the table below: |
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| |}
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| <br/>
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| *Vowels in green are found everywhere.
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| *Vowels in pink are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark ergative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiced consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards.
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| *Vowels in blue are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark comitative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards.
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| *Vowels in orange are only found in reduplications.
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| Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.
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| *kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
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| *kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive
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| When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc.
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| Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length.
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| There are similar restrictions on diphthongs:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
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| |+'''Diphthong phonation /j/'''
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| | {| class="wikitable" |
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| ! style="width: 90px; "| | | ! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|Voice | |
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front | |
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central | |
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2"|Close
| | | éy /eiˤ/ || ùe /ɨʱ/ || || i /i/ || i /i/ || ue /ɨ/ |
| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''uy''' /ui/ | |
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| ! style="" |Breathy
| | | óey /ɘiˤ/ || ùey /ɨʱ/ || || ii /iː/ || ii /iː/ || uue /ɨː/ |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùey''' /ɨiɦ/ | |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /uiɦ/ | |
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| ! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
| | | áe ~ áae /ɛ(ː)ˤ/ || òe ~ òoe /ɘ(ː)ʱ/ || || e ~ ee /e(ː)/ || e ~ ee /e(ː)/ || oe ~ ooe /ɘ(ː)/ |
| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iey''' /ei/ | |
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ey''' /ɘi/ | |
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| | style="background-color: pink;"| '''uoy''' /oi/ | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Tense
| | | á ~ áa /a(ː)ˤ/ || ào ~ àao /ɜ(ː)ʱ/ || || a ~ aa /a(ː) || a ~ aa /a(ː)/ || ae ~ aae /ɛ(ː)/ |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''íey''' /eiʔ/ | |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /ɘiʔ/ | |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úoy''' /oiʔ/ | |
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| ! style="" |Breathy
| | | ów /ouˤ/ || ù /uʱ/ || || u /u/ || o /o/ || u /u/ |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èy''' /ɘiɦ/
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| ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
| | | óew /ɘuˤ/ || ùew /ɨuʱ/ || || uu /uː/ || ow /ou/ || uu /uː/ |
| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' /ɛi/ | |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Tense
| | | áo /ɜˤ/ || ò /oʱ/ || || õ /ɔ/ || ã /ɒ/ || õ /ɔ/ |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' /ɛiʔ/ | |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Breathy
| | | áey ~ áaey /ɛ(ː)iˤ/ || òey ~ òoey /ɘ(ː)iʱ/ || || ey ~ eey /e(ː)i/ || ey ~ eey /e(ː)i/ || oey ~ ooey /ɘ(ː)i/ |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /ɜiɦ/ | |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2"|Open
| | | áy ~ áay /a(ː)iˤ/ || àoy ~ àaoy /ɜ(ː)iʱ/ || || ay ~ aay /a(ː)i/ || ay ~ aay /a(ː)i/ || aey ~ aaey /ɛ(ː)i/ |
| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ay''' /ai/ | |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Tense
| | | óy ~ óoy /o(ː)iˤ/ || ùy ~ ùuy /u(ː)iˤ/ || || uy ~ uuy /u(ː)i/ || oy ~ ooy /o(ː)i/ || uy ~ uuy /u(ː)i/ |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /aiʔ/ | |
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| |} | |
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| Same applies to the remaining diphthongs:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
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| |+'''Diphthong phonation /w/''' | |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|
| | | áew ~ áaew /ɛ(ː)uˤ/ || òew ~ òoew /ɘ(ː)uʱ/ || || ew ~ eew /e(ː)u/ || ew ~ eew /e(ː)u/ || oew ~ ooew /ɘ(ː)u/ |
| ! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2"|Close
| | | áw ~ áaw /a(ː)uˤ/ || àow ~ àaow /ɜ(ː)uʱ/ || || aw ~ aaw /a(ː)u/ || aw ~ aaw /a(ː)u/ || aew ~ aaew /ɛ(ː)u/ |
| ! style="" |Modal
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| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Breathy
| | | ôw ~ ôow /ɔ(ː)wˤ/ || òw ~ òow /o(ː)uʱ/ || || ow ~ oow /o(ː)u/ || õw ~ õow /ɔ(ː)u/ || ow ~ oow /o(ː)u/ |
| | | |} |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' /ɨuɦ/
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| ! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iew''' /ew/
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ew''' /ɘu/ | |
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''uow''' /ou/ | |
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| ! style="" |Tense
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| | ====Phonation Restrictions==== |
| | | However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed in detail here ([[Antarctican/Phonation restrictions]]): |
| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úow''' /ouʔ/
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| ! style="" |Breathy
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èw''' /ɘuɦ/
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùow '''/ouɦ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' /ɛu/
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| | style="background-color: pink;"|'''ow''' /ɔu/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Tense
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' /ɛuʔ/
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ów''' /ɔuʔ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Breathy
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /ɜuɦ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Open
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| ! style="" |Modal
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''aw''' /au/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Tense
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| | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /auʔ/
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| |}
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
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| |- align="center" | | |- align="center" |
| ! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricate | | ! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricates |
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| !<small>ejective</small> | | !<small>ejective</small> |
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| |'''pp '''/p'/ | | |'''pq '''/p'/ |
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| |'''ppy '''/p'ʲ/ | | |'''pqy '''/p'ʲ/ |
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| |'''tt '''/t'/ | | |'''tq '''/t'/ |
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| |'''ttl '''/tɬ'/ | | |'''tql '''/tɬ'/ |
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| |'''cch '''/c' ~ tɕ'/ | | |'''cqh '''/c' ~ tɕ'/ |
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| |'''kk '''/k'/ | | |'''kq '''/k'/ |
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| |'''k''' /k/ | | |'''k''' /k/ |
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| |'''q''' /ʔ/ | | |'''-''' /ʔ/ |
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| ! rowspan="3"|Fricatives/Affricates | | ! rowspan="2"|Fricatives |
| !<small>ejective</small>
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| |'''tts '''/ts' ~ s'/
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| !<small>voiceless</small> | | !<small>voiceless</small> |
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| |'''fy '''/fʲ/ | | |'''fy '''/fʲ/ |
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| |'''s''' /s ~ ts/ | | |'''s''' /s/ |
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| |'''hl '''/ɬ/ | | |'''hl '''/ɬ/ |
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| !<small>voiced</small> | | !<small>voiced</small> |
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| |'''z''' /z ~ dz/ | | |'''z''' /z/ |
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| *Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. | | *Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /ɟ ~ dʑ/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [ɟ] or [dʑ]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. |
| | *The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere. |
| | *Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). |
| *The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | | *The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. |
| *Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases. | | *Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in four cases. |
| :#Before a vowel with modal voice and at the beginning of a word. | | :#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). |
| :#Before a vowel with modal voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has modal voice. | | :#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation. |
| :#Before a vowel with breathy voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has breathy voice. | | :#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages. |
| | | :#/z/ can also be found before vowels with tense voice. |
| In the latter case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages. | | *Fricatives other than /s/ and /z/ (spirant / non-sibilant fricatives) are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). |
| | | *Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). |
| The same restrictions apply to the distribution of fricatives other than /s/, and of prestopped nasals except that they are never found in the 3rd case.
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| | |
| *Ejectives are only ever found between two vowels with tense voice (possibly with /ɴ/ separating them). | |
| *Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
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| *The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. | | *The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. |
| | *The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /χ/ are never found before /i/ and /ɨ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eˤ/ and /ɘˤ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these. |
| *The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [ʎ] before a high vowel, [ɹ] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere. | | *The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [ʎ] before a high vowel, [ɹ] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere. |
| | *Unpalatalised labial consonants can be velarised or doubly-articulated consonants (e.g. /p/ can be pronounced as [pˠ] or [kp]). This is especially the case with /w/ and before front vowels). |
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| The soft consonants are the palatal consonants, the palatalized labial consonants, and the lateral consonants. All the other consonants are hard. | | The soft consonants are the palatal consonants, the palatalized labial consonants, and the lateral consonants. All the other consonants are hard. |
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| For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''ar''' /aʁ/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | | For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. |
|
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| *ziitlòeji /ziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), mirative | | *zuutlòeji /zuːtɬɘʱɟi/ - to know (a person), indirect |
| *zariitlòeji /zaʁiːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), mirative, antipassive | | *zamuutlòeji /zamuːtɬɘʱɟi/ - to know (a person), indirect, antipassive |
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| However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''iel''' /el/ e.g. | | However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /emʲ/ e.g. |
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| *pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, mirative | | *pyi-uu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, indirect |
| *pyieliquu /pʲeliʔuː/ - to purify, mirative, antipassive | | *pyemyi-uu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, indirect, antipassive |
| *hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, mirative | | *hli-õ /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, indirect |
| *hlieliqo /ɬeliʔɔ/ - to perform, mirative, antipassive (not *(hlariqo) /ɬmiʔɔ/) | | *hlemyi-õ /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, indirect, antipassive (not *(hlemi-õ) /ɬmiʔɔ/) |
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ===Phonotactics=== |
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| ==Noun Morphology== | | ==Distribution and Dialects== |
| | Antarctican is spoken across a large continent, by a diversity of cultures. As would be expected, there is significant dialectical variation within the language. The differences are most pronounced in the vocabulary, less in the morphology, and even less in the syntax and phonology. |
|
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|
| ===Case===
| | Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages (which will typically have many similar features to Antarctican due to the [[Antarctican Sprachbund]]). |
|
| |
|
| Nouns decline into three cases, Absolutive, Ergative and Comitative. Absolutive case is unmarked while the other two use vowel changes on the final vowel and/or suffixes. Nouns can also take demonstrative and possessive prefixes.
| | ==Noun Morphology== |
| | | {{Main|Antarctican Nouns}} |
| ====Ergative case====
| | Nouns inflect for case either through suffixation or a change of the final vowel, and possession (via prefixes). Unlike many European languages nouns do not inflect for either gender or number. |
| How this case is formed depends on the phonation and frontness of the final vowel in the word.
| | ==Verb / Adjective Morphology== |
| | | {{Main|Antarctican Verbs}} |
| =====Modally voiced final vowel=====
| | There is no distinction between adjectives and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of attributive adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”, |
| '''Final vowel is a back vowel'''
| | “weak”, there are descriptive verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” and so on. |
| | |
| In this case, lower the back vowel e.g.
| |
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| *ton /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive
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| *taon /tɒɴ/ - change, ergative
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| *duoliiengun /doleːŋuɴ/ - dragon, absolutive
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| *duoliienguon /doleːŋoɴ/ - dragon, ergative
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| | |
| If the final vowel is a diphthong that begins with a back vowel, then the start of the diphthong is lowered e.g.
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| | |
| *paehuown /pɛχouɴ/ - dust, absolutive
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| *paehown /pɛχɔuɴ/ - dust, ergative
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| *yuenpiluoy - /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, absolutive
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| *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpilɔi/ - employee, ergative
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| '''Final vowel is not a back vowel'''
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| In this case the ergative suffix is '''–n''' /ɴ/, or '''–ga''' /ga/ if the noun already ended in '''–n''' e.g.*ziva /ziɥa/ - boat, absolutive
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| *zivan /ziɥaɴ/ - boat, ergative
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| *myaewntayn /mʲɛuɴtaiɴ/ - mountain, absolutive
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| *myaewntayn-ga / mʲɛuɴtaiɴga/ - mountain, ergative
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| | |
| =====Final vowel has breathy or tense voice=====
| |
| For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the form C V ɴ, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. V is almost always /i/, except after /t/ or /d/, when it is /u/. However it is not possible to predict C, as shown by the examples below:
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| *tieyláae /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, absolutive
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| *tieyláaesin /teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative
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| *píey /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive
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| *píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative
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| *kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
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| *kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
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| *rè /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive
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| * rèdun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative
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| *kúow /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive
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| *kúowpin */kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative
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| *píeylánkáe /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔ/ - blanket, absolutive
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| *píeylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, ergative
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| *wùerù /wɨɦʁuɦ/- frog, absolutive
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| *wùerùgin /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/ - frog, ergative
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| | |
| While it may seem that the consonant inserted before the –in (or –un) suffix is random, there are some patterns. Firstly, the inserted consonant is always an obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative), and never a sonorant (nasal or approximant). Secondly, observe that, when the final vowel of the absolutive stem has tense voice, the inserted consonant is always voiceless, while if the final vowel of the absolutive stem has breathy voice, the inserted consonant is always voiced. These two rules hold across the language.
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| Also, for readers with knowledge of whatever language Antarctican borrowed the particular noun stem from, note that the “inserted” consonant almost perfectly corresponds with the consonant at the end of the word e.g. the word for “frog”, (''wùerù'' /wɨɦʁuɦ/ in the absolutive case), is in fact descended from the English word “frog”. However, Antarctican does not like final consonants, so the final “g” was lost in the absolutive form. However in the ergative form, there is another vowel following the “g”, so it “reappears”, and the ergative form of the word is ''wùerùgin'' /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/. A similar story happens with the “t” in the word for “blanket”, which is also derived from English.
| |
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| ====Stem changes====
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| However, for some of the nouns with breathy or tense voice on the final vowel of the absolutive stem, there are changes in the stem when they take the ergative suffix. These involve a change in vowel phonation to modal voice, and a change in vowel quality. e.g.
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| sitùen /sitɨɴɦ/- wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive
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| suetin-gin /sɨtiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative (not *sitùen-gin)
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| As a rule,
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| if the final vowel undergoes a change, and the second last vowel has the same
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| voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g.
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| qùylèn /ʔuiɦlɘɴɦ/ - island, absolutive
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| quoyliendun
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| /ʔoileɴduɴ/ - island, ergative (not *qùilèndun)
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| tùrèen
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| /tuɦʁɘːɴɦ/ - fashionable items, absolutive
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| tuoriiendun
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| /toʁeːɴduɴ/ - fashionable items, ergative
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| síeykúow
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| /seiʔkouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive
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| suekuhli /sɨkuɬi/ - a small amount, ergative
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|
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| If there
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| are even more consecutive syllables with the same voicing on the vowel, then
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| this rule applies to every single one of them e.g.
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| qámáeláy /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive
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| qamielaeykin /ʔamelɛikiɴ/ - prey, ergative
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|
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| The changes
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| in vowel quality and vowel voicing may appear random, but in fact they are not.
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| The vowel quality of the new vowel can be predicted using the table blow. The
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| vowels in the first two columns change to their equivalent in the third column
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| e.g. When sitùen changes to sitin-gin, we can see that ùe changes to i (first
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| column of the table).
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| However, if
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| the vowel is followed by a syllable beginning with a modally voiced consonant
| |
| before a modally voiced vowel, then the vowel from the fourth column is used
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| e.g. when qùylèn changes to quoyliendun, the ùy changes to uoy, since the next
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| syllable begins with a modally voiced consonant -l-, followed by a modally
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| voiced vowel -ie-.
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| Also, if
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| the vowel is followed by a syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant
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| followed by another modally voice vowel, then the vowel from the fifth column
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| is used e.g. when qámáláy changes to qamielaeykin, the á changes to ae, since
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| the next syllable begins with the voiceless -k-, followed by the modally voiced
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| -i-.
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|
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
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| |-
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| | íey || ùe || || i || i || ue
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| |-
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| | éy || ùey || || ii || ii || uue
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| |-
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| | áe / áae || è / èe || || ie / iie || ie / iie || e / ee
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| |-
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| | á / áa || òe / òoe || || a / aa || a / aa || ae / aae
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| |-
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| | úow || ù || || u || uo || u
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| |-
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| | éw || ùew || || uu || uow || uu
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| |-
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| | óe || ùo || || o || ao || o
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| |-
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| | áey / áaey || èy / èey || || iey / iiey || iey / iiey|| ey / eey
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| |-
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| | áy / áay || òey / òoey || || ay / aay || ay / aay|| aey / aaey
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| |-
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| | úoy / úuoy || ùy / ùuy || || uy / uuy || uoy / uuoy|| uy / uuy
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| |-
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| | áew / áaew || èw / èew || || iew / iiew || iew / iiew|| ew / eew
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| |-
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| | áw / áaw || òew / òoew || || aw / aaw || aw / aaw|| aew / aaew
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| |-
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| | ów / óow || ùow / ùuow || || uow / uuow || ow/ oow|| uow / uuow
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| |}
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|
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| There are many, many other nouns that decline according to this pattern.
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| All of the nouns that end in /ɴ/ or contain a long vowel in the final
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| syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g.
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| táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive
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| tenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative
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| kòoe /kɜɦː/ - membership card, absolutive
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| kaadun /kaːduɴ/ - membership card, ergative
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| However, the converse is not true. For nouns
| |
| with non-modally voiced final vowels, but that do not end in /ɴ/ or a long
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| vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g.
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| qùenòe /ʔɨɦnɜɦ/ - eel, absolutive
| |
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| qinajin /ʔinaɟiɴ/ - eel, ergative
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| While others do not e.g.
| |
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| kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
| |
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| kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
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|
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| There are
| |
| some nouns that have identical absolutive forms, but are distinguished in the
| |
| ergative e.g.
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| ká /kaʔ/ - fence, absolutive
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| kaechin /kɛciɴ/ - fence, ergative
| |
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| ká /kaʔ/ - coconut milk, absolutive
| |
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| kátlin /katɬiɴ/ coconut milk, ergative
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|
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| | |
| <h5>Obstruent Voicing</h5>
| |
| | |
| If the
| |
| absolutive form has a voiceless obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative),
| |
| that is surrounded by breathy voice vowels (possibly with /ɴ/ separating
| |
| them), when the breathy voiced vowels acquire modal voice in the ergative form,
| |
| the voiceless obstruent does too, becoming modally voiced e.g.
| |
| | |
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| nyùewsùeylèn /ɲɨuɦsɨɦiɦlɘɴɦ/ - New Zealand, absolutive
| |
| | |
| nyuuziiliendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative
| |
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| | |
| This
| |
| sometimes applies to word initial consonants as well e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative
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| pòey /pɜiɦ/ - baby, absolutive
| |
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| baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative
| |
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| | |
| But sometimes it does not e.g.
| |
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| pòey /pɜiɦ/ - page, absolutive
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| | |
| paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative
| |
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|
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| | |
| If the
| |
| absolutive form of a noun has a voiceless obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative),
| |
| that is preceded by a syllable with a modally voiced vowel, and is followed by
| |
| a vowel with tense voice, if this tense voiced vowel becomes modally voiced in
| |
| the ergative form, then the voiceless obstruent before it acquires modal voice
| |
| too e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| yíeysitlíeynyíey /jeiʔsitɬeiʔɲeiʔ/ - mutton, absolutive
| |
| | |
| yíeysidlinyuekin /jeiʔsidɮiɲɨkiɴ/ - mutton, ergative
| |
| | |
| | |
| Here we can
| |
| see that the /tɬ/ in the absolutive form has changed to /dɮ/ in the
| |
| ergative form.
| |
| | |
| | |
| For word initial voiceless obstruents followed by tense voiced vowels in the absolutive
| |
| form, which change to modal voice vowels in the ergative form, sometimes this change
| |
| also occurs e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| támá /taʔmaʔ/- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
| |
| | |
| damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
| |
| | |
| | |
| However others
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| do not e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kán-kúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| kan-gukin /kaɴgukiɴ/ - prisoner, ergative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Sonorant Devoicing</h5>
| |
| | |
| Another
| |
| similar pattern occurs in sonorants. If, in the absolutive form, they are
| |
| preceded by a syllable with a modally voiced vowel, and followed by a breathy
| |
| or tense voiced vowel that changes in the ergative (to have modal voice), then the sonorant becomes
| |
| devoiced. /w/ becomes /f/, /l/ becomes /ɬ/, /j/ becomes /ç/, and /ʁ/
| |
| becomes /χ/, voiced nasals become prestopped e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| yuuwíey /juːweiʔ/ - clothes, absolutive
| |
| | |
| yuufekin /juːfɘkiɴ/ - clothes, ergative
| |
| | |
| | |
| qaetienòelùn /ʔɛtenɜɦluɴɦ/ - heart, absolutive
| |
| | |
| qaetetnaluonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>De-Ejectivisation</h5>
| |
| | |
| There are some Antarctican nouns that have ejectives in the absolutive form. As required by the phonotactics, they have tense voiced vowels both before and after (possibly with /ɴ/ intervening). However, sometimes in the ergative form, the tense voiced vowel after the ejective becomes modally voiced. In this case, the airstream mechanism changes from glottalic egressive (ejective) to pulmonic egressive (normal) e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kíeycchíey /keiʔcʼeiʔ/ - a female name, absolutive
| |
| | |
| kíeychuekin /keiʔcɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| ====Comitative Case==== | |
| | |
| How this is formed also depends on the frontness and phonation of the final vowel:
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| =====Last Vowel of Abs. Form has Modal Voice=====
| |
| | |
| ======Last Vowel of Abs. Form is not a Back Vowel======
| |
| | |
| In this
| |
| case, take the absolutive form, raise /a/ to /ɛ/ and centralise any other
| |
| front vowels e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ziva /ziɥa/
| |
| - boat, absolutive
| |
| | |
| zivae /ziɥɛ/
| |
| - boat, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| myaewntayn
| |
| /mʲɛuɴtaiɴ/ - mountain, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myaewntaeyn
| |
| /mʲɛuɴtɛiɴ/ - mountain, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| qagiriey /ʔagiʁei/ - agreement, absolutive
| |
| | |
| qagirey /ʔagiʁɘi/ - agreement, comitative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| ======Last Vowel of Abs. Form is a Back Vowel======
| |
| | |
| In this
| |
| case, take the absolutive form, and suffix /pmu/ e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ton /tɔɴ/- change (as in coins, money), absolutive
| |
| | |
| tonpmu /tɔɴpmu/ - change (as in coins, money), comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| duoliiengun /doleːŋuɴ/ - dragon, absolutive
| |
| | |
| duoliiengunpmu /doleːŋuɴpmu/ - dragon, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| paehuown /pɛχouɴ/ - dust, absolutive
| |
| | |
| paehuownpmu /pɛχouɴpmu/ - dust, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| yuenpiluoy - /jɨɴpiloipmu/ - employee, absolutive
| |
| | |
| yuenpiluoypmu - /jɨɴpiloipmu/ - employee, comitative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| =====Other Cases=====
| |
| | |
| If the last vowel of the absolutive form has tense or breathy voice, the comitative is formed differently. Here, it is formed by taking the ergative, deleting any final /ɴ/ or
| |
| /ga/ that had been inserted as a suffix, and then suffixing /ʔu/ e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| sitùen /sitɨɴɦ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive
| |
| | |
| suetin-gin /sɨtiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative
| |
| | |
| suetin-giqu /sɨtiɴgiʔu/ - wound caused by a sting, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| tieyláae
| |
| /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, absolutive
| |
| | |
| tieyláaesin
| |
| /teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative
| |
| | |
| tieyláaesiqu /teilɛʔːsiʔu/ - shirt, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| píey /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive
| |
| | |
| píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative
| |
| | |
| píeykiqu /peiʔkiʔu/ - book, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
| |
| | |
| kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative
| |
| | |
| kùeziqu /kɨɦziʔu/ - goods, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| rè /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive
| |
| | |
| rèdun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative
| |
| | |
| rèduqu /ʁɘɦduʔu/ – red object, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| kúow /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive
| |
| | |
| kúowpin /kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative
| |
| | |
| kúowpiqu /kouʔpiʔu/ - cup, comitative
| |
| | |
| | |
| píeylánkáe /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔ/ - blanket, absolutive
| |
| | |
| píeylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, comitative
| |
| | |
| píeylánkáetuqu /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuʔu/ - blanket, ergative
| |
| | |
| | |
| wùerù /wɨɦʁuɦ/ - frog, absolutive
| |
| | |
| wùerùgiqu /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/ - frog, ergative
| |
| | |
| wùerùgin /wɨɦʁuɦgiʔu/ - frog, comitative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h3>Pronominal Possession</h3>
| |
| | |
| Where
| |
| English would use possessive pronouns (“my”, “your”), Antarctican uses
| |
| possessive prefixes. The base forms of each are listed in the table below:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |-
| |
| ! Prefix !! Usage
| |
| |-
| |
| | myi- /mʲi/ || 1st person singular, 1st person exclusive plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | yiew- /jeu/ || 1st person inclusive plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | ti- /ti/ || 2nd person
| |
| |-
| |
| | wa- /wa/ || 3rd person, topicalised
| |
| |-
| |
| | si- /si/ || 3rd person, non-topicalised
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| So, in the absolutive
| |
| case, “my clothes” or “our clothes” (not including you) would be myiyuuwíey /mʲijuːweiʔ/, “your clothes” would be tiyuuwíey /tijuːweiʔ/ etc.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h4>Phonation spreading</h4>
| |
| | |
| However,
| |
| with some nouns that have breathy or tense voice on their first vowel, the
| |
| voice “spreads” back to the prefix, changing the modally voiced vowel in the
| |
| base form to its tense voice or breathy voice equivalent (see the table before)
| |
| e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kánkúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeykán-kúow /mʲeiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - my prisoner, absolutive (not *myikán-kúow)
| |
| | |
| tíeykán-kúow /teiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - your prisoner, absolutive (not *tikán-kúow)
| |
| | |
| | |
| pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myùepùelùe /mʲɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - my bridge, absolutive (not *myipùelùe)
| |
| | |
| tùepùelùe /tɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe)
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| If, for any given word, phonation spreads onto one particular prefix, then it will spread
| |
| onto any prefix that attaches to that word e.g. there are no words that take
| |
| myíey- as their 1<sup>st</sup> person (exclusive) possessive prefix, but ti- or
| |
| tùe as their 2<sup>nd</sup> person possessive prefix.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| However, if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or
| |
| tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then modally voiced forms of the
| |
| prefixes are always used when talking about possessing a noun in the ergative
| |
| case e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kánkúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| kan-gukin /kaɴgukiɴ/ - prisoner, ergative
| |
| | |
| myíeykán-kúow /mʲeiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - my prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myikan-gukin /mʲikaɴgukiɴ/ - my prisoner, ergative
| |
| | |
| | |
| pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/- bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative
| |
| | |
| myùepùelùe /mʲɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - my bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myibilidlin /mʲibilidɮiɴ/ - my bridge, ergative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| However, with other nouns, phonation never spreads e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| támá /taʔmaʔ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myuetámá /mʲɨtaʔmaʔ/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive (not *myíeytámá)
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Prediction </h5>
| |
| | |
| If a noun
| |
| begins with a glottal stop (which does not count as either voiced or
| |
| voiceless), then phonation never spreads from it onto a prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| qámáelái /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myiqámáelái /mʲiʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - my prey, absolutive (never *myíeyqámáelái)
| |
| | |
| | |
| qòepèn /ʔɜɦpɘɴɦ/ - one who is / was / is to be avenged, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myiqòepèn /mʲiʔɜɦpɘɴɦ/ - my one who is / was / is to
| |
| be avenged, absolutive (never *myùeqòepèn)
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| In other
| |
| cases, whether or not the phonation spreads onto the prefix cannot always be
| |
| predicted. The only time when it is possible to do so is for absolutive nouns,
| |
| if, in the ergative form, the first vowel loses its
| |
| breathy or tense phonation and becomes modally voiced. In this case, the rules
| |
| are given below:
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h6>Sonorant Initial Stem</h6>
| |
| | |
| If the
| |
| absolutive stem begins with a sonorant (nasal or approximant), and that
| |
| sonorant becomes devoiced when the vowel after it acquires modal voice in the
| |
| ergative form, then the phonation never spreads in the absolutive form upon
| |
| taking a prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| mòoe /mɜɦː/ - betel nut, absolutive
| |
| | |
| pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative
| |
| | |
| myimòoe /mʲimɜɦː/ - my betel nut, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| Otherwise,
| |
| phonation always spreads if the word begins with a sonorant e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| máláeyáa /maʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - manners, absolutive
| |
| | |
| malieyaaetun /malejɛːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative
| |
| | |
| | |
| myíeymáláeyáa /mʲeiʔmaʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - my manners, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h6>Stem starts with /s/</h6>
| |
| | |
| If the absolutive
| |
| stem begins with /s/, then tense voice never spreads when it takes a prefix
| |
| e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| síeykúow /seiʔkouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myisíeykúow /mʲiseiʔkouʔ/ - my small amount, absolutive (never *myíeysíeykúow)
| |
| | |
| | |
| sásaechin /saʔsɛciɴ/ - stab wound, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myisásaechin /mʲisaʔsaɛciɴ/ - my stab wound, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| In the case
| |
| of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative
| |
| form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the breathy voice spreads when
| |
| the absolutive form takes a prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| sòemùe /sɜɦmɨɦ/ - (major) wife, absolutive
| |
| | |
| zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative
| |
| | |
| myùesòemùe /mʲɨɦsɜɦmɨɦ/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisòemùe)
| |
| | |
| | |
| But if, in
| |
| the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial
| |
| consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in the absolutive form, the breathy
| |
| voice never spreads e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| sòepyùe /sɜɦpʲɨɦ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive
| |
| | |
| sabyishin /sabʲiçiɴ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative
| |
| | |
| myisòepyùe /mʲisɜɦpʲɨɦ/ - my speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h6>Other stems</h6>
| |
| | |
| If the
| |
| absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or
| |
| fricative), and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally
| |
| voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then tense phonation spreads when the
| |
| absolutive form takes a prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kánkúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| kan-gukin /kaɴgukiɴ/ - prisoner, ergative
| |
| | |
| myíeykán-kúow /mʲeiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - my prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive
| |
| | |
| tenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative
| |
| | |
| myíeytáen /mʲeiʔtɛɴʔ/ - my weather, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then tense phonation cannot spread e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| támá /taʔmaʔ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
| |
| | |
| damaesin /damaɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
| |
| | |
| myitámá /mʲitaʔmaʔ/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| And vice versa, if the obstruent becomes voiced in the ergative form, then tense
| |
| phonation is blocked from spreading but breathy phonation spreads e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative
| |
| | |
| myùepùelùe /mʲɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - my bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| pòey /pɜiɦ/- baby, absolutive
| |
| | |
| baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative
| |
| | |
| myùepòey /mʲɨɦpɜiɦ/ - my baby, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| And if the
| |
| obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then breathy voice does not
| |
| spread e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| pòey /pɜiɦ/ - page, absolutive
| |
| | |
| paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative
| |
| | |
| myipòey /mʲipɜiɦ/ - my page, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h4>Irregular Nouns</h4>
| |
| | |
| A handful of nouns are irregular, taking special forms whenever they are prefixed. These
| |
| can be divided up into a few categories.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>First Consonant Becomes /ŋ/</h5>
| |
| | |
| If the
| |
| initial consonant of a noun is /k/ or /g/, often it changes to /ŋ/ when
| |
| the noun takes a prefix. e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| gali /gali/ - hole, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myingali /mʲiŋali/ - my hole, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| In such a case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it always spreads
| |
| onto the prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myùengùe /mʲɨɦŋɨɦ/ - my goods, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| kíeyváy /keiʔɥaiʔ/ - tongue, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeyngíeyváy /mʲeiʔŋeiʔɥaiʔ/ - my tongue, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Syllable Insertion</h5>
| |
| | |
| For a few nouns, an additional syllable is inserted between the prefix and the stem. The
| |
| consonant is unpredictable and depends on the noun, but the vowel is always
| |
| modally voiced /i/ and is never followed by /ɴ /. For any given noun, this
| |
| will be the same regardless of the prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| bun /buɴ/ - pants, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myizibun /mʲizibuɴ/ - my pants, absolutive
| |
| | |
| tizibun /tizibuɴ/ - your pants, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| Tense voice is always blocked from spreading in such cases e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| tlíeynáe /tɬeiʔnɛʔ/ - business, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myibyitlíeynáe /mʲibʲitɬeiʔnɛʔ/ - my business, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| But breathy voice will always spread onto both the prefix and the inserted syllable e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| pùey /pɨiɦ/ - section, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myùetlùepùey /mʲɨɦtɬɨɦpɨiɦ/ - section, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Syllable Insertion and Nasalisation</h5>
| |
| | |
| Some words undergo both of the above changes when they take a prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| gay /gai/ - gift, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myibyigay /mʲibʲiŋai/ - my gift, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| If the initial syllable of the unprefixed word has tense voice, then this spreads onto
| |
| the inserted syllable, but not onto the actual prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kúow /kouʔ/ – bigot, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myipyíeyngúow /mʲipʲeiʔŋouʔ/ – my bigot, absolutive (not *myíeypyíeykúow)
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| If the initial syllable of the unprefixed noun has breathy voice, then this spreads on
| |
| to both the inserted syllable and the prefix:
| |
| | |
| | |
| kùeròe /kɨɦʁɜɦ/- grudge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myùepyùengùeròe /mʲɨɦpʲɨɦŋɨɦʁɜɦ/
| |
| - my grudge, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>First Syllable Deleted</h5>
| |
| | |
| A considerable number of nouns lose their initial syllable when they take a prefix.
| |
| In such cases, the prefix always has tense voice e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| puekaay /pɨkaːi/ - star, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeykaay /mʲeiʔkaːi/ - my star, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| fuekirami /fɨkiʁami/ - swelling, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeykirami /mʲeiʔfikiʁami/ - my swelling, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| The only words that undergo this process are ones that begin with a voiceless obstruent
| |
| (oral stop, fricative or affricate), immediately followed by modally voiced /ɨ/
| |
| or /i/, immediately followed by a second voiceless
| |
| obstruent. Many, but by no means all of these words originated in English,
| |
| where they began with clusters of /s/ + voiceless consonant. The proto language
| |
| did not like these clusters and so inserted a vowel to break them up. However
| |
| when they took a prefix this insertion was no longer necessary. A later sound change
| |
| put tense voice on all syllables which ended in a voiceless consonant, and
| |
| deleted that consonant e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| sitùen /sitɨɴɦ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
| |
| absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeytùen /mʲeiʔtɨɴɦ/ - my wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or
| |
| a jellyfish), absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| suekiraeypi /sɨkiʁɛipi/ - a scrape, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeykiraypi /mʲeiʔkiʁaipi/ - my scrape, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Syllable Deletion with Ejectivisation</h5>
| |
| | |
| A similar but separate sound change applies to a few words, all of which have íey as
| |
| their first vowel, with the second vowel having tense voice. Like before, the
| |
| first vowel is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice. However, the consonant
| |
| immediately after the prefix changes to an ejective e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| síeypyíey /seiʔpʲeiʔ/ - spit, absolutive
| |
| | |
| míeyppyíey /mʲeiʔpʼʲeiʔ/ - my spit, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| líeyká /leiʔkaʔ/ - square, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeykká /mʲeiʔkʼaʔ/ - my square, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| If the second syllable begins with /l/, then this always converts to /tsʼ/ rather
| |
| than /tɬʼ/ e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| chilúo /cilouʔ/ - banner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeyttsúow /mʲeiʔtsʼouʔ/ - my banner, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Other irregular nouns</h5>
| |
| | |
| There are other nouns that behave in other ways to those described above when they take a
| |
| prefix. What happens needs to be remembered for each noun, however note that
| |
| the prefixes for irregular nouns always take tense voice e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kíey /keiʔ/ - mouth, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeytli /mʲeiʔtɬi/ - my mouth, absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h3>Possession by a Noun</h3>
| |
| | |
| Antarctican
| |
| distinguishes alienable and inalienable [[Linguistics:Possession|possession]]. Both are marked with prefixes on the possessed noun. These are wiey- for alienable possession and nu- for inalienable possession (the possessor always takes the absolutive case):
| |
| | |
| | |
| kùeròetùu /kɨɦʁɜɦtuɦː/ - bone, absolutive
| |
| | |
| yini /jini/ - dog, absolutive
| |
| | |
| wieykùeròetùu yini /weikɨɦʁɜɦtuɦː jini/ - the
| |
| dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.)
| |
| | |
| nukùeròetùu yini /nukɨɦʁɜɦtuɦː jini/ - the dog’s bone,
| |
| absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it)
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| Where
| |
| English would compound nouns together, or use one to modify another.
| |
| Antarctican uses the alienable possessive construction e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| qaaehaan
| |
| /ʔɛːχaːɴ/ - food, absolutive
| |
| | |
| wieyqaaehaan yini /weiʔɛːχaːɴ jini/ - dog food,
| |
| absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| Whatever voice spreads from a noun onto a pronominal possessive prefix, also always does
| |
| so to an alienable or inalienable possessive prefix e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| kánkúow /kaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myíeykánkúow /mʲeiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - my prisoner, absolutive
| |
| | |
| wáeykán-kúow /wɛiʔkaɴʔkouʔ/ - prisoner, absolutive,
| |
| alienable possessive
| |
| | |
| | |
| pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myùepùelùe /mʲɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - my bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| wèypùelùe /wɘiɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive, alienable
| |
| possessive
| |
| | |
| | |
| mòoe /mɜɦː/ - betel nut, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myimòoe /mʲimɜɦː/ - my betel nut, absolutive
| |
| | |
| wieymòoe /weimɜɦː/ - betel nut, absolutive, alienable possessive
| |
| | |
| | |
| pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative
| |
| | |
| myuepmaagin /mʲɨpmaːgiɴ/ - my betel nut, ergative
| |
| | |
| weypmaagin /wɘipmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative, alienable possessive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h3>Reciprocal Possession</h3>
| |
| | |
| In Antarctican, there is no singular vs. plural marking. However, some nouns that imply
| |
| a relationship (e.g. friend, brother, enemy, coworker), have special forms to
| |
| indicate a pair or group of people / things where that relationship is
| |
| reciprocal e.g. where English would say “They are friends / brothers / enemies
| |
| / coworkers (of each other)”.
| |
| | |
| These forms
| |
| are generally constructed by reduplicating the first syllable of the noun, in
| |
| the same “slot” where possession would be marked e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| buraza /buʁaza/ - brother, absolutive
| |
| | |
| buburaza /bubuʁaza/ - brothers (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| yieruoy /jeʁoi/ - ally, absolutive
| |
| | |
| yieyieruoy /jeʁoi/ - allies (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| However, the inserted syllable cannot have a long vowel, a diphthong, or end in /ɴ/.
| |
| If it would do so then it is truncated e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| duuolaa /doːlaː/ - coworker, absolutive
| |
| | |
| duoduuolaa /dodoːlaː/ - coworkers (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| nayba /naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive
| |
| | |
| nanayba /nanaiba/ - neighbours (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/– acquaintances (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| The same rules about spreading and non-spreading of phonation onto possessive prefixes,
| |
| and the resultant vowel changes, also apply to the possessive prefixes e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| sátuozii /saʔtoziː/ – enemy, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myisátuozii /mʲisaʔtoziː/ – my enemy, absolutive
| |
| | |
| sasátuozii /sasaʔtoziː/ - enemies (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| rùy /ʁuiɦ/- rival, absolutive
| |
| | |
| myùerùy /mʲɨɦʁuiɦ/ - my rival, absolutive
| |
| | |
| rùrùy /ʁuɦʁuiɦ/ - rivals (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
| | |
| firiendun /fiʁeɴduɴ/ – friend, ergative
| |
| | |
| myuefiriendun /mʲɨfiʁeɴduɴ/ – my friend, ergative
| |
| | |
| fuefiriendun /fɨfiʁeɴduɴ/ – friends (of each other), ergative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| A few nouns have irregular reciprocal possessive forms e.g.
| |
| | |
| | |
| wùerèn /wɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friend, absolutive
| |
| | |
| fiwùerèn /fiwɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friends (of each other), absolutive
| |
| | |
| These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced stop, a prestopped nasal, or a fricative other than /s/. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if the voicing is blocked from spreading onto the prefix, then the underlying consonant will surface there.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h2>Verb / Adjective Morphology</h2>
| |
| | |
| There is no distinction between adjectives | |
| and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”, | |
| “weak”, there are verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” etc. | |
| | |
| <h3>Verb Bases</h3>
| |
| | |
| Verbs have a root form, from which various
| |
| other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are
| |
| the mirative base and the noun-focus base. Below is a list of verb roots with their
| |
| corresponding mirative and noun-focus bases:
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| duolieegi /doleːgi/ - to drag,
| |
| intransitive, root
| |
| | |
| duoliieju /doleːɟu/ - to drag,
| |
| intransitive, mirative
| |
| | |
| tùlòoezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ –
| |
| to drag, intransitive, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| rèdu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root
| |
| | |
| rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red,
| |
| mirative
| |
| | |
| rèdù /ʁɘɦduɦ/ - red,
| |
| noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| suekiraeypyi /sɨkiʁɛipʲi/
| |
| - to become scraped, root
| |
| | |
| suekiraeypyu /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/
| |
| - to become scraped, mirative
| |
| | |
| suekiraeypùe /sɨkiʁɛipɨɦ/
| |
| - to become scraped, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h4>Mirative Base</h4>
| |
| | |
| This is used when the action being
| |
| described is something the listener has not previously heard about ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirative ). It is also used to put focus on the verb ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(linguistics) )
| |
| How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
| |
| and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
| |
| consonant:
| |
| | |
| <h5>Final Consonant is Soft</h5>
| |
| | |
| If the final consonant (not including any
| |
| placeless nasal /ɴ/) is soft, infix -iq-/iʔ/ immediately after it
| |
| e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| hlo /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root
| |
| | |
| hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform,
| |
| mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| However, many vowels shift when this
| |
| happens e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qíeypyii /ʔeiʔpʲiː/ -
| |
| to spit out, root
| |
| | |
| qíeypyiqiiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/
| |
| - to spit out, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qinyieliie /ʔiɲeleː/ - to
| |
| pierce, root
| |
| | |
| qinyieliqaa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/
| |
| - to pierce, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| kivieluun /kiɥeluːɴ/ - to
| |
| die, root
| |
| | |
| kivieliqiewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ -
| |
| to die, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| These vowel shifts are all in a roughly
| |
| anti-clockwise directions around the vowel space. The shifts are listed below:
| |
| | |
| i /i/ -> ie /e/
| |
| | |
| ii /iː/ -> iey /ei/
| |
| | |
| ie /e/ -> a /a/
| |
| | |
| iie /eː/ -> aa /aː/
| |
| | |
| a /a/ -> u /u/
| |
| | |
| aa /aː/ -> uu /uː/
| |
| | |
| u /u/ -> i /i/
| |
| | |
| uu /uː/ -> iew /eu/
| |
| | |
| iey /ei/ -> ay /ai/
| |
| | |
| iiey /eːi/ -> aay /aːi/
| |
| | |
| ay /ai/ -> uy /ui/
| |
| | |
| aay /aːi/ -> uuy /uːi/
| |
| | |
| uy /ui/ -> ii /iː/
| |
| | |
| iew /eu/ -> aw /au/
| |
| | |
| iiew /eːu/ -> aaw /aːu/
| |
| | |
| aw /au/ -> uow /ou/
| |
| | |
| aaw /aːu/ -> uuow /oːu/
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Final Consonant is Hard</h5>
| |
| | |
| If the final consonant (not including any
| |
| placeless nasal /ɴ/) is hard, change it to be soft e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| yuentuoro /jɨɴtoʁɔ/ -
| |
| to introduce oneself, root
| |
| | |
| yuentuolo /jɨɴtolɔ/ - to
| |
| introduce oneself, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| However, many vowels shift when this
| |
| happens e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| nangariew /naŋaʁeu/ - to flow,
| |
| root
| |
| | |
| nangaluu /naŋaluː/ - to flow,
| |
| mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| fuekirami /fɨkiʁami/ - to swell
| |
| up, root
| |
| | |
| fuekiramyu /fɨkiʁamʲu/ - to
| |
| swell up, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qimuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down,
| |
| root
| |
| | |
| qimuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit
| |
| down, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| These vowel changes are often the reverse
| |
| of what happens if the final vowel of the stem is a soft consonant. The vowel
| |
| shifts are all roughly clockwise around the vowel space, and are listed below:
| |
| | |
| i /i/ -> u /u/
| |
| | |
| u /u/ -> a /a/
| |
| | |
| uu /uː/ -> aa /aː/
| |
| | |
| a /a/ -> ie /e/
| |
| | |
| aa /aː/ -> iie /eː/
| |
| | |
| ie /e/ -> i /i/ * For some words only,
| |
| see below.
| |
| | |
| iie /eː/ -> ii /iː/
| |
| | |
| ii /iː/ -> uy /ui/
| |
| | |
| uy /ui/ -> ay /ai/
| |
| | |
| uuy /uːi/ -> aay /aːi/
| |
| | |
| ay /ai/ -> iey /ei/
| |
| | |
| aay /aːi/ -> iiey /eːi/
| |
| | |
| iey /ei/ -> ii /iː/
| |
| | |
| iiey /eːi/ -> ii /iː/
| |
| | |
| uow /ou/ -> aw /au/
| |
| | |
| uuow /oːu/ -> aaw /aːu/
| |
| | |
| aw /au/ -> iew /eu/
| |
| | |
| aaw /aːu/ -> iiew /eːu/
| |
| | |
| iew /eu/ -> uu /uː/
| |
| | |
| iiew /eːu/ -> uu /uː/
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h6>Vowel Phonation Changes</h6>
| |
| | |
| A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant
| |
| and ie /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is a voiced obstruent and the
| |
| vowel is short and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then most of the time the
| |
| syllable is deleted and breathy voice put onto the preceding syllable(s) e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| nuetuozie /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root
| |
| | |
| nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| The breathy voice “spreads” backwards
| |
| through the word, changing vowel phonation with it, until it hits a voiceless
| |
| obstruent or prestopped nasal e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| maduozie /madoze/ - to give birth,
| |
| intransitive, root
| |
| | |
| mòetù /mɜɦtuɦ/ - to give
| |
| birth, intransitive, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| nyiibie /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root
| |
| | |
| nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow,
| |
| mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| san-gizie /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root
| |
| | |
| sòen-gùe /sɜɦɴgɨɦ/
| |
| - to bleed, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| However, for a few words, this process
| |
| doesn’t happen e.g.
| |
| | |
| kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root
| |
| | |
| kadli /kadɮi/ - to be windy, mirative
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| To understand this seemingly random
| |
| phenomenon, we need to go back to the ancestor language, which had a downstep /
| |
| pitch accent system similar to Japanese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent. In this language, a sound change occurred, which changed to [ɦ]
| |
| all word final sequences of Voiced Soft Obstruent + Low Pitched /i/.
| |
| | |
| This only affected words with pitch accent
| |
| on the non-final syllable i.e. low tone words from tone languages, and words
| |
| that came into the language from stress-accent languages like English, Indonesian
| |
| and Spanish as long as they did not have stress on the final syllable. Words
| |
| without accent (like high tone words from tone languages, “flat” words from
| |
| Japanese) as well as words with accent on the final syllable were unaffected.
| |
| | |
| When Antarctican lost its pitch accent, the
| |
| change became unpredictable.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4>
| |
| | |
| This is used when the listener already
| |
| knows about the action being described. It puts focus on the (non-topicalised)
| |
| noun(s) in the sentence.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Regular Formation</h5>
| |
| | |
| The default way of forming it is by putting
| |
| breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
| |
| the same way as normal e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qíeypyii /ʔeiʔpʲiː/ -
| |
| to spit out, root
| |
| | |
| qíeypyùey /ʔeiʔpʲɨiɦ/
| |
| - to spit out, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
| |
| until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| guowpieyiie /goupejeː/ - to suffer a
| |
| setback, root
| |
| | |
| guowpèyèe /goupɘɦjɘːɦ/
| |
| - to suffer a setback, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qinyieliie /ʔiɲeleː/ - to
| |
| pierce, root
| |
| | |
| qùenyèlèe /ʔɨɦɲɘɦleː/
| |
| - to pierce, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| kivieluun /kiɥeluːɴ/ - to
| |
| die, root
| |
| | |
| kùevèlùun /kɨɦɥɘɦlyːɴ/
| |
| - to die, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| Remember that Antarctican only permits
| |
| voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
| |
| with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
| |
| forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| hlo /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root
| |
| | |
| lò /lɔɦ/ - to perform, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| These changes do not affect phonation
| |
| spreading though, as we can see from:
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| maduozie /madoze/ - to give birth,
| |
| intransitive, root
| |
| | |
| mòetùsè /mɜɦtuɦsɘɦ/
| |
| - to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| nyiibie /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root
| |
| | |
| nyùeypè /ɲɨipɘɦ/ - to
| |
| snow, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| san-gizie /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root
| |
| | |
| sòen-kùesè /sɜɴɦkɨɦsɜɦ/
| |
| - to bleed, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| When a consonant such as a voiceless
| |
| obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
| |
| preceding it is /ɨ/ or /ɘ/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
| |
| with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| yuentuoro /jɨɴtoʁɔ/ -
| |
| to introduce oneself, root
| |
| | |
| yintùrò /jiɴtuɦʁɔɦ/
| |
| - to introduce oneself, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qimuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down, root
| |
| | |
| qimipù / <span
| |
| lang=EN-AU>ʔimipuɦ/ - to sit down, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| nuetuozie /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
| |
| | |
| nitùsè /nituɦsɘɦ/ - to be
| |
| fed on, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| pensaa /pɘɴsaː/ - to be lost
| |
| in deep thought, root
| |
| | |
| piensòoe /peɴsɜːɦ/ - to
| |
| be lost in deep thought, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| If the vowel is /ɛ/, or a diphthong
| |
| starting with /ɛ/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
| |
| e.g.
| |
| | |
| suekiraeypi /sɨkiʁɛipi/ - to
| |
| become scraped, root
| |
| | |
| suekiraypùe /sɨkiʁaipɨɦ/
| |
| - to become scraped, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
| |
| | |
| In addition to this, some verbs lose their
| |
| final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| duolieegi /doleːgi/ - to drag,
| |
| intransitive, root
| |
| | |
| tùlòoezi /tuɦlɘːɦzi/ –
| |
| to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| bilidli /bilidɮi/ - to make it across,
| |
| root
| |
| | |
| pùelùezi /pɨɦlɨɦzi/ -
| |
| to make it across, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| This process happens under well defined
| |
| conditions. Both of the last two syllables of the verb root must have modal
| |
| voice. Also the final vowel must be a short /i/ and not followed by a nasal
| |
| vowel. The consonant immediately before this must be a voiced obstruent. And,
| |
| in the proto-language, the verb root must have had pitch-accent on any syllable
| |
| other than the final one.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h5>Formation by Suffixation Only</h5>
| |
| | |
| However, verbs that did not have pitch
| |
| accent in the proto-language form the noun-focus stem differently, adding the
| |
| suffix –zi but otherwise not deleting or changing any syllables e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root
| |
| | |
| kaziezi /kazezi/ - to be windy, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| nangariew /naŋaʁeu/ - to flow, root
| |
| | |
| nangariewzi /naŋaʁeuzi/ - to
| |
| flow, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| fuekirami /fɨkiʁami/ - to swell
| |
| up, base
| |
| | |
| fuekiramizi /fɨkiʁamizi/ - to
| |
| swell up, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| shinari /çinaʁi/ - to twist,
| |
| intransitive, base
| |
| | |
| shinarizi /çinaʁizi/ - to twist,
| |
| intransitive, noun-focus
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>
| |
| | |
| When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the mirative form is used when the modifier
| |
| is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
| |
| normal form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work tieyláae
| |
| /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say:
| |
| | |
| tieyláae rèdlu /teilɛːʔ ʁɘɦdɮu/ – a red shirt
| |
| (non-restrictive)
| |
| | |
| tieyláae rèdù /teilɛːʔ ʁɘɦduɦ/ – the red shirt
| |
| (restrictive)
| |
| | |
| | |
| <h3>Verbalisation</h3>
| |
| | |
| Antarctican has a very productive process
| |
| for to convert a noun N into an intransitive verb root meaning “to become N” /
| |
| “to be N / to do what N does”. How this is done depends on the voicing of the
| |
| last vowel of the absolutive form of the noun
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h4>Last Vowel of Abs. Form has Modal Voice</h4>
| |
| | |
| In this case, the verb root is identical to
| |
| the absolutive form e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| ziva /ziɥa/ - boat, absolutive
| |
| | |
| ziva /ziɥa/ - to be a boat, verb root
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| buraza /buʁaza/ - brother, absolutive
| |
| | |
| buraza /buʁaza/ - to be a brother, verb
| |
| root
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ -
| |
| employee, absolutive
| |
| | |
| yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ -
| |
| employee, verb root
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| <h4>Other Cases</h4>
| |
| | |
| However, if the final vowel of the
| |
| absolutive form has tense or breathy voice, the verb stem is formed from the
| |
| ergative form of the noun, minus any final –n e.g.
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| qùylèn /ʔuiɦlɜɴɦ/
| |
| - island, absolutive
| |
| | |
| quoyliendun /ʔoileɴdun/ - island,
| |
| ergative
| |
| | |
| quoyliendu /ʔoileɴdu/ - to be an
| |
| island, verb root
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| píey /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive
| |
| | |
| píeykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book,
| |
| ergative
| |
| | |
| píeyki /peiʔki/ - to be a book, verb root
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| támá /taʔmaʔ/ - victim of a scam
| |
| / swindle, absolutive
| |
| | |
| damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a
| |
| scam / swindle, ergative
| |
| | |
| damaesi /damɛsi/ - to be a victim of a
| |
| scam / swindle, verb root
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| mòoe /mɜɦː/ - betel nut,
| |
| absolutive
| |
| | |
| pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut,
| |
| ergative
| |
| | |
| pmaagi /pmaːgi/ - to be a betel nut, verb
| |
| stem
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| pùelùe /pɨɦlɨɦ/ - bridge, absolutive
| |
| | |
| bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge,
| |
| ergative
| |
| | |
| bilidli /bilidɮi/ - to be bridge / to
| |
| make it across, verb stem
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| pòey /pɜiɦ/ - baby, absolutive
| |
| | |
| baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby,
| |
| ergative
| |
| | |
| baybyi /baibʲi/ - to be a baby, verb
| |
| stem
| |
| | |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| pòey /pɜiɦ/ - page, absolutive
| | ==Syntax== |
|
| |
|
| paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page,
| | While on the surface [[Antarctican Syntax]] may look superficially similar to English (i.e. they both permit SVO sentences and place relative clauses after the noun), it is actually is quite different from English, being topic-prominent and syntactically ergative. |
| ergative | |
|
| |
|
| paydli /paidɮi/ - to be a page, verb
| |
| stem
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Antarctican]] |