Behru cesik: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
Sározòng màdzò lónro tu, cérazo gi. ''From order there is peace, but also stagnation.''
<!-- Fill out this about your progress, only clean numbers no %s or anything. -->
{{Progress
|Phonology= <!-- Have all the sounds and their orthography been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounCases= <!-- Have all the cases for nouns been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounDef= <!-- Has how you define definitiveness (if at all) been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounNumbers= <!-- Are numbers decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounGender= <!-- The various genders? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbPerson= <!-- Does verbs agree to person? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbNumber= <!-- Agree in numbers? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbAspect= <!-- Are aspects done? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbTense= <!-- What about tenses? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbMood= <!-- and moods? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbVoice= <!-- and voices? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjCase= <!-- Do adjectives agree with case? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjNumber= <!-- Number? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjDef= <!-- Definitiveness? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->
|AdjGen= <!-- Gender? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjComparative= <!-- Is the comparative form fixed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->0
|AdjSuperlative= <!-- Superlative? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->0
|Supine= <!-- Supine forms of verbs? The purpose of an action, "I walked to punch him!" Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Gerund= <!-- Gerunds, the noun form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Participle= <!-- Adjectival form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Infinitive= <!-- Infinitive, the bare form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->
|Modality= <!-- How moods, probability and necessity are expressed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Words= <!-- How many words do you have? Answer with a number, inflected forms do not count -->200}}
{{Conlang Info
|Name = Behru Cesik
|Type = Fusional, Polysynthetic
|Alignment = fluid ergativity
|Head = final
|Genders = 2
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|NounCase = yes
|NounNumber = yes
|NounDefinitiveness = no
|NounGender = yes
|VerbVoice = yes
|VerbMood = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTense = yes
|VerbAspect = yes}}
==Setting==
<!-- Give some background information, history, where the language is spoken, etc. -->Behru Cesik (a combination of Behru, an ethnonym, cet, to speak, and the suffix -hik, indicating a manner of doing something) is a language spoken in the southern half of the lower Sedonese basin, the Hedri plains, and in the northern portions of Kakinsake. Its speakers form a distinct ethnicity in the south of Sedone, independent from the dominant Idili. The Behru people originated from the distant and now extinct Behru empire, which attempted to settle the Hedri area 1500 years prior. The empire has collapsed since then, and the Behru people are now isolated, their nations being increasingly encroached upon by the native peoples they had once tried to conquer.


'''Behru Cesik''' (meaning ''Behru way of speaking'') is the highest language of the Behru empire. The stage of the language represented in this article is that spoken when the empire conquered the Yamazi dynasty of Winanda and began imposing its culture over a wide area.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Phonemes===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
All Behru consonants except /h/ have voiced and voiceless counterparts. Voiceless consonants are usually weakly aspirated, the voiceless sonorants strongly so. Voiceless consonants are listed after their voiced counterparts in the table. Romanization is listed in '''Bold '''below the ipa. Romanization will be used in all sections of the article other than the phonology section.
! style="width: 68px; "|
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin: 0px auto;"
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
|+Consonants (muhlámaleslzilíi)
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Pharyngeal
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! scope="row"|
|m hm
! scope="col"|Labial (Kálihi)
|n hn
! scope="col"|Alveolar (jüdíixáahniík)
|
! scope="col"|Post alveolar (jüdíixëhnémihi)
|
! scope="col"|Palato-alveolar (jüdíixáansingerihi)
|ñ hñ
! scope="col"|Palatal (singerihi)
|ng hng
! scope="col"|Velar (singezóok)
|
! scope="col"|Glottal (mákughétóok)
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
! scope="row"|Plosive (zotozilíi)
|p b
|t d
|
|
p b
'''p b'''
|
|
|c j
t d
|k g
 
'''t d'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|f v
|s z
|
|
|
|
|sh zh
g k
|x gh
 
|
'''g k'''
|
|
h
'''h'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Affricate
! scope="row"| Afrricate (zotaxehmozilíi)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tɕ dʑ
'''c  j'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
! scope="row"|Fricative (xehmozilíil)
|w hw
|
|
|
|hy
|
|h
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
ɸ β
'''f v'''
|
|
s z
'''s z'''
|
|
|
|
ɕ  ʑ
'''sh zh'''
|
|
|
|
x ɣ
'''x gh'''
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
! scope="row"|Nasal (dzátacetozilíi)
|
|
|
m m̥ʰ
'''m hm'''
|
|
n n̥ʰ
'''n hn'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɲ  ɲ̥ʰ
'''ñ hñ'''
|
|
ŋ    ŋ̥ʰ
'''ng hng'''
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
! scope="row"|Approximant (manjiuzilíi)
|
|
|
w w̥ʰ
'''w hw'''
|
|
l l̥ʰ
'''l hl'''
|
|
r r̥ʰ
'''r hr'''
|
|
|
|
j j̥ʰ
'''y hy'''
|
|
|
|
|}
Behru has 4 base vowels, a, ɛ, u, and o, whose qualities change based on length and stress. Each vowel has 3 forms, long, short, and reduced. The vowel centralizes when it reduces, a and o reduce to ə̆, u reduces to ʊ, ɛ reduces to  ɪ̆. The vowel ɛ uniquely changes to i: when lengthened. As before, romanized forms are marked in the chart. In addition, vowels may carry a high tone or a low tone, a high tone is marked with an acute, e.g., á, í, úu, óo. Low tone is unmarked. Reduced vowels are always low tone, even if derived from an originally high toned vowel.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin: 0px auto;"
|+Vowels (lámozilíi)
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
! scope="row"|
|
! scope="col"|Front
|
! scope="col"|Front-mid
|l lh
! scope="col"|Mid
|r hr
! scope="col"|Mid-back
|
! scope="col"|Back
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral flap
! scope="row"|Close
|
|
i:
'''ii '''
|
|
ɪ̆
'''i'''
|
|
|
|
ʊ̆
'''ü'''
|
|
|
u u:
|
|
|}


===Vowels===
'''uu u'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! scope="row"|Mid
|i
|
|
ɛ
'''e'''
|
|
|
|
|u
ə̆
|-
 
! style="" |Near-close
'''ë'''
|e
|î
|
|
|ü
|
|
o o:
'''oo o'''
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! scope="row"|Open
|
|
a: a
'''aa a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
|ë
|
|o
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|a
|
|
|
|
|}
<!--Write about the alphabet (consonants and vowels) and explain the orthography along with the phonotactics of the language, it is suggested to do this before anything.  Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to name sounds in your language. If you are unsure on the use of the IPA you could visit : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up, it helps quite a lot. -->
==Phonotactics==
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that work and are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is a consonant cluster in English. -->
All Behru free morphemes of native origin consist of a 1 syllable root with a maximum structure stop-fricative-approximant-vowel/syllabic l or r-consonant-vowel. Bound morphemes are permitted to have a reduced structure, so long as they start witha consonant should they be allowed to occur word initially. All syllables must start with a An exception, of All free roots except particles have a suffix or infix of some sort indicating its grammatical role in the sentence.
===Vowels===
All roots that can exist unbound, along with several bound roots, hold a tone. This tone may be either a rising or falling ´ or `. Along with this, the vowel carrying a tone also carries a strength, an aspect of the root which carries grammatical information, and this strength can be on 1 of 3 levels. Polysyllabic compound Words carry the vowel strength on the second to last syllable.
The vowel i can be found as a non prolonged sound in some bound morphemes, but never occurs as the vowel of an unbound morpheme.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Vowel strength
! scope="row"|Weak
! scope="col"|ë
! scope="col"|ë
! scope="col"|î
! scope="col"|ü
! scope="col"|l
! scope="col"|r
|-
! scope="row"|Strong
! scope="col"|a
! scope="col"|o
! scope="col"|e
! scope="col"|u
! scope="col"|ol
! scope="col"|ar
|-
! scope="row"|Prolonged
! scope="col"|''a''
! scope="col"|''o''
! scope="col"|''i''
! scope="col"|''u''
! scope="col"|ul
! scope="col"|er
|}
|}


===Sandhi===
Sandhi in behru can be divided into two categories, tone sandhi and consonant sandhi. Vowel sandhi only occurs word internally, as all morphemes that can occur at the front of a word start with consonants.
====Consonant sandhi (happens both inside words and between to consecutive words)====
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 1: first consonant agrees with second consonant in voice if both are stops or fricatives
! scope="col"|k,x,c,sh,t,s,p,f
! scope="col"|when followed by g,gh,j,zh,d,z,b,v
! scope="col"|become g,gh,j,zh,d,z,b,v
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 2: n assimilates with follwing consonant in point of pronounciation if stop, fricative, or nasal
! scope="col"|n
! scope="col"|when followed by k,g,x,gh ng
! scope="col"|becomes ng
|-
! scope="col"|n
! scope="col"|when followed by c,j,sh,zh,ñ
! scope="col"|becomes ñ
|-
! scope="col"|n
! scope="col"|when followed by p,b,f,v,m
! scope="col"|becomes m
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 3: palatalization of dental consonants
! scope="col"|t,d,s,z
! scope="col"|when followed by y
! scope="col"|combine with y to become c,j,sh,zh
|}


===Phonotactical restraints and Sandhi===
'''Rule 1 '''


All''' '''syllables start with 1 to 4 consonants and contain only 1 vowel, no more, no less.


{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
j̥ʰa, mút, cen, xoo, ɲɛ are all permitted.
|+Rule 4: y and w dissimilate before matching vowels
! scope="col"|y
! scope="col"|when followed by i
! scope="col"|becomes zh
|-
! scope="col"|w
! scope="col"|when followed by u
! scope="col"|becomes v
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 5: combining palatal and dental sounds
! scope="col"|s,sh,t
! scope="col"|when followed by sh
! scope="col"|combines with sh to become c
|-
! scope="col"|z,zh,d
! scope="col"|when followed by zh
! scope="col"|combines with zh to become j
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 6: h weakens unvoiced stops
! scope="col"|k,c,t,p
! scope="col"|when followed by h
! scope="col"|combine with h to become x,sh,s,f
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+rule 7: h aspirates liquid and nasal consonants
! scope="col"|y,r,l,w,ng,ñ,n,m
! scope="col"|when followed by h
! scope="col"|become hy,hr,hl,hw,hng,hñ,hn,hm
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 8: aspirated liquids and nasals devoice preceding stops and fricatives
! scope="col"|g,gh,j,zh,d,z,b,v
! scope="col"|when followed by h
! scope="col"|
become p,kh,c,sh,t,s,p,f (and the unfortunate spellings khh and shh can be created)
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Rule 8: w and y become v and zh when not followed by vowels
! scope="col"|w and y
! scope="col"|when followed by another consonant
! scope="col"|become v and zh
|}


====Vowel Sandhi (only happens inside the word)====
ɛt, u and itɕ are not permitted due to not having an initial consonant.


sɛun, lai, and ɣə̆if are not permitted due to having 2 vowels.


{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
tpt, xn, mj̥ʰ are not permitted due to having no vowels.
|+Rule 1: vowels have consonants inserted after or become consonants themselves when followed by other vowels
! scope="col"|o,u
! scope="col"|when followed by e,i,î,a,o
! scope="col"|become ow,w
|-
! scope="col"|o,u
! scope="col"|when followed by u,ü
! scope="col"|become ov,v
|-
! scope="col"|e,i
! scope="col"|when followed by a,o,u,ü,e,î
! scope="col"|become ey,y
|-
! scope="col"|e,i
! scope="col"|when followed by i
! scope="col"|become ezh,zh
|-
! scope="col"|a
! scope="col"|when followed by any vowel
! scope="col"|dissapears
|}


==Orthography==
''*exception: kl̥t and zrn are permitted because /l/ and /r/ may optionally function as reduced vowels.
Behru romanized orthography matches the symbols given in the phonology section. Sandhi is indicated always in both written systems. The Behru native writing system is an alphabet, with symbols for vowels, consonants, vowel strength and tone arranged into syllabic blocks, written up to down, left to right. Pictures of these will be uploaded later.


==Basic Grammar==
'''Rule 2 '''
{{agreement
|VerbGender = no
|VerbCases = no
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = no
|VerbVoices = yes


|NounGender = no
All consonants in a consonant cluster must agree in voicing if they do not, the voicing of the first consonant of the second syllable controls the voicing.
|NounCases = yes
kx, tɸ, n̥ts, bw, dɣy and m̥y̥ʰ are all permitted due to all members of the cluster agreeing in voice.
|NounNumber = yes
sʊ̆ɸk+zwáan must be changed to sʊ̆βgzwáan because they do not agree in voicing. As z is the first consonant of the second syllable and is voiced, it changes all unvoiced consonants in the cluster to voiced, changing k to g and ɸ to β
|NounTenses = no
l̥ʰən+ksɛ must become l̥ʰən̥ksɛ, because k, the first consonant of the second syllable, is unvoiced, changing the voiced n to voiceless n̥.
|NounPerson = no
|NounMoods = no
|NounVoices = yes


|AdjectiveGender = no
'''Rule 3'''
|AdjectiveCases = no
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses = yes
|AdjectivePerson = no
|AdjectiveMoods = yes
|AdjectiveVoices = yes


|NumberGender = no
Syllable initial consonant clusters are permitted, they may consist at most
|NumberCases = no
|NumberNumber = no
|NumberTenses = no
|NumberPerson = no
|NumberMoods = no
|NumberVoices = no


|ParticipleGender = no
Stop + Fricative + Liquid (/l/ or /r/) + /w/ or /j/, or
|ParticipleCases = no
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses = yes
|ParticiplePerson = no
|ParticipleMoods = yes
|ParticipleVoices = yes


|AdverbGender = no
Nasal+ /w/ or /j/ in that order.
|AdverbCases = no
|AdverbNumber = no
|AdverbTenses = no
|AdverbPerson = no
|AdverbMoods = no
|AdverbVoices = no


  |PronounGender = no
kfr̥j̥ is permitted as it contains a stop fricative, liquid, and /j/ in the right order, and all consonants agree in voicing, as specified in rule two.
|PronounCases = yes
kn̥ and ŋr are not permitted as nasals may not coexist with stops, fricatives, or liquids in consonant clusters.
|PronounNumber = yes
skj̥ is not permitted as fricatives may not precede stops,
|PronounTenses = no
sɲ̥ is not permitted as fricatives may not precede nasals.
|PronounPerson = yes
mj is permitted as /j/ may come after a nasal.
|PronounMoods = no
zlw is permitted as all constituents are in the right order, fricative>liquid> /w/ or /y/
|PronounVoices = yes
wzl and lzw are not, however, they are not in the right order.
βj is permitted, the contituents are in the right order and of the right type.
'''
Rule 4'''
any alveolar consonant followed by /j/ is transformed to its palatal counterpart.
tj̥ and dj become tɕ and dʑ respectively.
sj̥ and zj become ɕ and ʑ respectively
nj and n̥j̥ʰ become ɲ and ɲ̥ʰ respectively.


  |AdpositionGender = no
'''Rule 5 '''
  |AdpositionCases = no
The combinations /ji:/ and /jɪ/ are always converted to /ʑi:/ and /ʑɪ/ respectively. In the same manner, /wʊ/ and /wu:/ are always converted to /βʊ/ and /βu:/ respectively. This rule overides rule 3, the syllable /zlji:/ will be converted to /zlʑi:/ even though /zlʑ/ is otherwise forbidden at the beginning of a syllable due to having a fricative after a liquid. The /β/ and /ʑ/ will be converted into /ɸ/ and /ɕ/ if it would violated rule 2, /pl̥w̥ʰʊ/ would be converted to /pl̥ɸʊ/, not /pl̥βʊ/, /kj̥i:/ to /kɕi:/, not /kʑi:/.
|AdpositionNumber = no
'''
|AdpositionTenses = no
Rule 6'''
|AdpositionPerson = no
The only consonants that may occur syllable finally are t/d, p/b/, ɸ/β, k/g, n/n̥, m/m̥, ɲ/ɲ̥, ŋ/ŋ̥, and ɕ/ʑ. Voicing is not distinguished in the final position. Final stops and fricatives may have nasals preceding them , and ɕ/ʑ and ɸ/βmay precede any one of the others(but not eachother). Two nasals may not occur in a row in these syllables.
|AdpositionMoods = no
raβn is a permitted syllable, but raβʑ is not. ramβ is permitted. l̥̥ʰʊm̥k is permitted, l̥ʰumn is not. kaβʑ and kaʑβ are not permitted, ʑ and β may not be together at the end of a syllable.
|AdpositionVoices = no
'''Rule 7'''
A sequence of vowels is always interrupted by glides and or  has the first vowel deleted to avoid violating rule 1. The change depends on the first vowel, ɛ, ɪ, and ii insert /j/ in a sequence of vowels. /ɪ/ is deleted when /j/ is inserted. uu, u, o, and ʊ insert /w/ in a sequence of vowels. /u/ and /ʊ/ are deleted when /w/ is inserted.
kaɛ would become kɛ
kau would become ku
kɛɛ would become kɛjɛ
kɪo: would become kjo:
ki:o would become ki:jo
ku:a would become ku:wa
kua and kʊa would both become kwa
kɛi: would become kɛji:, which would then become kɛʑi: due to rule 5
kʊu and kuu would both become kwu, which would then become kβu due to rule 5, and then kɸu due to rule 1.
sɪɪ would become sjɪ due to rule 5, which would then become ɕi due to rule 4.


|ArticleGender = no
==Nouns==
|ArticleCases = no
Behru nouns delcine for 12 cases and 3 numbers. The 12 cases can be grouped into the simple cases, Nominative, Causative, Ablative, Benefactive, Posessive, Instrumental, Adessive, Locative, and Dative, and the complex cases, Accusative, Genitive, and Comparative. The complex cases use a different stem than simple cases.
|ArticleNumber = no
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin: 0px auto;"
|ArticleTenses = no
|+Declension of Vowel deleting nouns
|ArticlePerson = no
|ArticleMoods = no
|ArticleVoices = no
 
|ParticleGender = no
|ParticleCases = no
|ParticleNumber = no
|ParticleTenses = no
|ParticlePerson = no
|ParticleMoods = no
|ParticleVoices = no
}}Behru in the modern day is highly fusional, although the language of old, in the days of empire, was far more agglutinative. This older stage of the language is popular in literature, but this article primarily focuses on the Hedri colloquial. All root morphemes of the language can be split into 4 groups. All free morphemes are part of onne of 3 parts of speech, verb, noun, or particle. Adjectives and adverbs do not exist as a part of speech, they can exist as either prefixes or derived from verbs. The language is most commonly uses a subject object verb word order, but there are no strict rules on word order in most sentences. The language is exclusively head final, with all modifiers placed before the head. The verb always comes a finally when it is the head of a clause, and is the only portion of the sentence that may not be omitted under any circumstances.
===Morphemes===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
=====Free=====
! scope="col"|Bound
|-
|-
|Semantemes
! scope="row"|
|Verbs, Nouns
|adjectival prefixes, adverbial prefixes, derivational sufixes
|-
|Grammemes
|Grammatical particles
|grammatical sufixes, positional sufixes, grammatical infixes
|}
 
==Noun Morphology==
 
 
Behru Nouns may be modified to show the nouns role in the sentaence. This modification is shown through vowel strength, final consonant mutation, and suffixes. A nouns number is also shown in this way, and there is no distinction between number and role markers. The standard Hedri dialect has 9 sentence roles and 3 numbers attached to the noun fusionally. The three numbers of Behru are one, few, and many. The few number is used for small groups of things, pairs, and a cluster of things. The many number implies that there are too many of a noun to be easily counted. There is also a mass noun suffix, -mik, with its own endings, but grammatically it is treated effectively identically to the one number. Nouns, excluding irregular ones, can be divided into the following declension groups: k, t, n, ik, ot, l, a, i, e, r. The declensions may also be divided into animate, inanimate, and abstract/mass, each of which use slightly different endings. The singular cases use the strong core vowel for most cases, the weak vowel for the reciever and owner, and a prolonged core vowel for the few and many forms.
===Consonant declension===
{| align="left" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 300px; height: 500px;"
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! colspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|Stop Consonant declension (inanimate-animate) k nouns
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|t nouns
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align: center;"|p nouns
|-
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="row"|Role
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="3" scope="row"|Strong
! scope="row"|Doer
|k
|v-zh
|ke
|t
|du-di
|te
|p
|bu-bi
|pe
|-
! scope="row"|Cause
|kye-kwe
|vi-zhe
|gye-kun
|ce-ce
|dvi-je
|d-do
|pye-bve
|bvi-bye
|b-bo
|-
! scope="row"|Origin
|ng
|mwa-ña
|ngin
|n
|mmwa-ñña
|nnin
|m
|mmwa-mmya
|mmin
|-
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="row"|Companion
|kl-kur
|vl-zhir
|kln-grn
|tl-tur
|dul-dir
|tln-drn
|pl-pur
|bul-bir
|pln-brn
|-
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="row"|Location
|xi
|hwi-shi
|ghi
|si
|duhi-dihi
|zi
|fi
|buhi-bihi
|vi
|-
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="row"|Direction
|kshi
|
 
fshi-sshi
|gzhi
|ci
|dushi-dishi
|ji
|pshi
|bushi-bishi
|bzhi
|-
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="row"|Means
|kl-gvo
|vl-sho
|kan-gho
|dl-dvo
|dul-co
|tan-to
|bl-bvo
|bul-pco
|bil-po
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|Weak
! scope="row"|Receiver
|k-xa
|v-sha
|ke-gha
|t-sa
|tu-ca
|te-za
|p-fa
|bu-psha
|pe-va
|-
! scope="row"|Owner
|ngo-ksa
|mo-sha
|gmo-gza
|no-tsa
|dmo-ca
|mmvo-dza
|mo-tsa
|bmo-psha
|mmvo-bza
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="row"|Comparison
|xo
|hwo-hyo
|gho
|so
|swo-shyo
|zo
|fo
|fwo-fyo
|vo
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Nasal consonant declension, always animate
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|m
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|n
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|ng
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
|-
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="row"|Doer
! scope="col"|m
! scope="col"|mi
! scope="col"|me
! scope="col"|n
! scope="col"|ni
! scope="col"|ne
! scope="col"|ng
! scope="col"|ngi
! scope="col"|nge
|-
! scope="row"|Cause
|mwe
|mzhe
|mmo
|nwe
|ñzhe
|nno
|ngwe
|ngzhe
|ngno
|-
! scope="row"|Origin
|mmë
|mye
|min
|nnë
|ñe
|nin
|nngë
|ngye
|ngin
|-
! scope="row"|Companion
|hmu
|misha
|më
|hnu
|nisha
|në
|hngu
|ngisha
|ngë
|-
! scope="row"|Location
|hmi
|mizha
|mi
|hni
|nizha
|ni
|hngi
|ngizha
|ngi
|-
! scope="row"|Direction
|mshi
|mji
|mzhi
|ñshi
|ñji
|ñzhi
|ngshi
|ngji
|ngzhi
|-
! scope="row"|Means
|mvo
|myo
|myom
|nvo
|ño
|nom
|ngvo
|ngyo
|ngom
|-
! scope="row"|Receiver
|hmé
|mí
|mé
|hné
|ní
|né
|hngé
|ngí
|ngé
|-
! scope="row"|Owner
|mo-msa
|mmó-mísa
|mvó-mzá
|nó-nsá
|mmó-nísa
|mvó-nzá
|ngó-ngsá
|ngmó-ngísa
|ngvó-ngzá
|-
! scope="row"|Comparison
|hmo
|hmyo
|mého
|hnó
|hñó
|ného
|hngó
|hngyó
|ngóho
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Ka declension (irregular suffix)
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="col"|Doer
! scope="col"|ka
! scope="col"|u/v
! scope="col"|ke
|-
! scope="col"|cause
! scope="col"|kamyu
! scope="col"|wi
! scope="col"|kamyun or kun(some dialects)
|-
! scope="col"|Origin
! scope="col"|ng
! scope="col"|mwa
! scope="col"|ngen
|-
! scope="col"|Companion/means
! scope="col"|kal
! scope="col"|ul/vl
! scope="col"|kln
|-
! scope="col"|Location
! scope="col"|xi
! scope="col"|hwi
! scope="col"|kin
|-
! scope="col"|Direction
! scope="col"|kashi
! scope="col"|ushi/fshi
! scope="col"|kshin
|-
! scope="col"|
Reciever
! scope="col"|ká/
! scope="col"|ú/v
! scope="col"|ké
|-
! scope="col"|Owner
! scope="col"|kángo/kása
! scope="col"|
úmo/vmó
 
úsa/fsá
! scope="col"|kámo/ksán
|-
! scope="col"|Comparison
! scope="col"|xó
! scope="col"|úho/hwó
! scope="col"|kón
|}
 
===Vowel declension===
(note) using vowel sandhi, the endings for all declensions can be predicted based on the a declension endings.)
 
(note) nouns ending in l or r are considered to be vowel declension)
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;"
! scope="row"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="row"|Doer
! scope="col"|a
! scope="col"|u-i
! scope="col"|e
! scope="col"|i
! scope="col"|yu-zhi
! scope="col"|ye
! scope="col"|u
! scope="col"|vu-wi
! scope="col"|we
|-
! scope="row"|Cause
|aye-awe
|wi-ye
|ange-on
|iye-iwe
|iwi-iye
|inge-yon
|uye-uwe
|uwi uye
|unge-won
|-
! scope="row"|Origin
|ang
|angu-angi
|angin
|ing
|ingu-ingi
|ingin
|ung
|ungu-ungi
|ungin
|-
! scope="row"|Companion
|al-ur
|ul-ir
|aln-arn
|il-yur
|yul-zhir
|iln-irn
|ul-vur
|vul-wir
|uln-urn
|-
! scope="row"|Location
|ahi
|wi-zhi
|ang'i
|ihi
|iwi-izhi
|ingi
|uhi
|uwi-uzhi
|ungi
|-
! scope="row"|Direction
|ashi
|ushi-ishi
|azhin
|ishi
|yushi-izhëshi
|izhin
|ushi
|vushi-wishi
|unzhin
|-
! scope="row"|Means
|al-avo
|ul
|an-om
|il-ivo
|iwosa-iyo
|in-yom
|ul-uvo
|uwosa-uyo
|un-wom
|-
! scope="row"|Receiver
|á-hé
|ú-hyé
|é-hé
|í-yé
|yú-íye
|ye
|ú-hwé
|vú-úhye
|wé-ún
|-
! scope="row"|Owner
|ángo-ása
|úmo-ísa
|ámvo-ángza
|íngo-ísa
|yúmo-zhísa
|ímvo-íngza
|úngo-úsa
|vúmo-wísa
|úmvo-´¨ngza
|-
! scope="row"|Comparison
|áho
|úho-ího
|ého
|ího
|yúho-zhího
|yého
|úho
|vúho-wího
|wého
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 250px; height: 500px;"
! scope="row"|Uncountable declension.
! scope="col"|mik
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
ik
múki, ''dog-like animal''
! scope="col"|ot
! scope="col"|mass -eng
|-
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|Mass
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Mass
|-
! scope="row"|cause
|myuwe
|yuwe
|otwe
|émyuwe
|-
! scope="row"|origin
|ming
|ing
|on
|éng
|-
! scope="row"|companion/means
|mil
|il
|otl
|éngl
|-
! scope="row"|location
|hmi
|shi
|oshi
|éhmi
|-
! scope="row"|Direction
|mshi
|ci
|oci
|éñshi
|-
! scope="row"|owner
|mingo
|ingo
|ono
|îngo
|-
! scope="row"|reciever
|mik
|ik
|ot
|îng
|-
! scope="row"|Comparison
|mixo
|ixo
|oso
|ehngo
|}


===Showing that a noun is posessed.===
(i-type )
If a noun is owned by/part of another noun, Its stem is modified by a suffix. Notice how in the declination charts there are two possible endings for a noun in the owner case. Although in modern days these suffixes simply agree with the animacy of the noun, in the past they indicated whether the owned object was removable or not. Nonremovable posessions were indicated by the inanimate owner suffix -ngo, and indiacted unremovable things like your arm, your mother, or your feelings. The animate suffix indicated things that you bought/took and could be easily given away, like your dog or your house.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Behru posessed noun suffixes
! scope="col"|&nbsp;
! scope="col"|One(mine,yours,its)
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
Few
ratu, ''wind''


(ours, yours, theirs)
(u-type )
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
Many
ksopa, ''shelf''


(Allof ours etc...)
(a-type)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|My/ours(removable)
! scope="row"|Nominative
! scope="col"|va
|múkësh
! scope="col"|fi
|ratët
! scope="col"|ma
|ksopët
|-
|-
! scope="col"|My/ours(unremovable)
! scope="row"|Causative
! scope="col"|fo
|múkye
! scope="col"|fu
|ratúsh
! scope="col"|hma
|ksopé
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Yours(removable)
! scope="row"|Ablative
! scope="col"|ka
|múking
! scope="col"|ki
|ratung
! scope="col"|nga
|ksopang
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Yours(unremovable)
! scope="row"|Benefactive
! scope="col"|xa
|múkimpi (múki-kimpi)
! scope="col"|ku
|ratwimpi
! scope="col"|hnga
|ksopempi
|-
|-
! scope="col"|His/hers/its/theirs(removable)
! scope="row"|Posessive
! scope="col"|ra
|múkihno (múki-kihno)
! scope="col"|ri
|ratwihno
! scope="col"|n
|ksopehno
|-
|-
! scope="col"|His/hers/its/theirs(unremovable)
! scope="row"|Adessive
! scope="col"|la
|múkicra (múki-kicra)
! scope="col"|lu
|ratwicra
! scope="col"|n
|ksopecra
|-
|-
! scope="col"|4th person's
! scope="row"|Instrumental
! scope="col"|li
|múkl
! scope="col"|li
|rato
! scope="col"|li
|ksopo
|}
|-
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="row"|Locative
|+Positioning of the suffix
|múxi (múk-hi)
! scope="col"|
|raswi (rat-hwi)
If noun ends in consonant other than n or m
|ksofi (ksop-hi)
 
like múk
! scope="col"|
Add infix directly after and decline suffix like noun
 
múk to múkki (your dog)
 
example of declination
 
múkkizhës (with your two dogs)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Dative
If the noun ends in n or m
|múkci
 
|ratcwi
like shún
|ksopci
! scope="col"|
add infix before the n or m
 
músha shúzhin (the dog's man)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Paucal stem
If the noun ends in a vowel
|múkíi-
 
|raswíi-
like náwa
|ksopégii-
! scope="col"|
Add infix before vowel (and remember vowel sandhi)
 
náw-lu-a
 
návlwa (his/her/its mother)
|}
|}


===Locational suffixes from the owner case===
Locational suffixes are added to the genitive stem of a noun     
&nbsp;


{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Formation of the owner stem
! scope="col"|
Decline a noun to the owner case, withouth weakening the core vowel.


múk to múngo


dog to dog's
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
|+Declension of vowel holding nouns
remove the o
 
múngo to múng
! scope="col"|
Add suffix
 
múngu
 
inside the dog
! scope="col"|
Decline noun as normal
 
múngu to múnguci
 
into the dog
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px; height: 50px;"
|+Locational suffixes
! scope="col"|u
! scope="col"|inside
|-
|-
! scope="col"|el
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|outside
! scope="col"|myéngu ''water''
! scope="col"|bghoze ''bucket''
! scope="col"|nadno ''berry''
! scope="col"|rwidli ''people, tribe''
! scope="col"|hnáza ''platform, step''
|-
|-
! scope="col"|ye
! scope="row"|Nominative
! scope="col"|above, on
|myénguzu
|bghozezu
|nadnozu
|rwidlizu
|hnázazu
|-
|-
! scope="col"|ok
! scope="row"|Causative
! scope="col"|below, under
|myéngóye
|bghozéjje
|nadnóye
|rwidlíish
|hnázáash
|-
|-
! scope="col"|yar
! scope="row"|Ablative
! scope="col"|on, touching
|myéngweng
|bghozeng
|nadnweng
|rwidleng
|hnázang
|-
|-
! scope="col"|cu
! scope="row"|Benefactive
! scope="col"|until, up to
|myéngwimpi
|bghozempi
|nadnokimpi
|rwidlikimpi
|hnázempi
|-
|-
! scope="col"|ju
! scope="row"|Posessive
! scope="col"|by, at this time
|myéngwihno
|bghozehno
|nadnokihno
|rwidlikihno
|hnázehno
|-
|-
! scope="col"|sr´lu (changes noun to descriptive verb)
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"| -like
Adessive
|myéngwicra
|bghozecra
|nadnokicra
|rwidlikicra
|hnázecra
|-
|-
! scope="col"|sr´t
! scope="row"|Instrumental
! scope="col"|likeness
|myéngo
|bghozho (bghoz-yo)
|nadno
|rwidlyl
|hnáza
|-
|-
! scope="col"|jep
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="col"|after (time)
|myéngwíik
|bghozíik
|nadnóok
|rwidllíik
|hnazíik
|-
|-
! scope="col"|cep
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="col"|in front of
|myénguci
|bghozeci
|nadnoci
|rwidlici
|hnázaci
|-
|-
! scope="col"|sat
! scope="row"|Paucal stem
! scope="col"|before (time)
|myéngugíi
|-
|bghozíi
! scope="col"|zat
|nadnwíi
! scope="col"|behind
|rwidlíi
|-
|hnázegíi
! scope="col"|he
! scope="col"|to the side of
|}
|}


==Verb Morphology==
Behru verbs are conjugated by factors, person, number, transitivity, tense aspect, and mood. Many Behru sentences consist of only a verb, as both the subject and object may be dropped if they can be determined by context.
===Step 1: Mood and transitivity===
In Behru, mood and transitivity are fused categories. Moods are associated with either a weak or strong stem of the verb. The weak stem indicates uncertartainity.


Formation of the strong basic stem
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
If verb root ends in p,t,k,


like cèt
! scope="col"|
Then change to f,s,x


cèt to cès
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="margin: 0px auto;"
|+Declension of sonorant nouns.
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|
If verb ends in anything else,
! scope="col"|tsan ''support''
 
! scope="col"|húm ''fluid''
like mála
! scope="col"|byéng ''metal''
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|südzlar ''elbow''
no change
! scope="col"|kwél  ''cloud''
 
mála
|}
Formation of the strong derived intransitive stem
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
 
If verb root ends in p,t,k
 
like cèt
! scope="col"|
Voice the final consonant to b,d,g and add -la
 
cèt to cèdla
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Nominative
If verb root ends in anything else
|tsaan
 
|húum
like mála
|bzhíing
! scope="col"|
|südzlaar
add la
|kwíil
 
mála to málala
|}
Formation of the weak basic stem
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
If verb ends in p,t,k
 
like cèt
! scope="col"|
weaken vowel
 
cèt to cî`t
! scope="col"|
then change final consonant to f,s,x
 
cî`s
|-
! scope="col"|
if verb ends in ng,n,m
 
like mùn
! scope="col"|
weaken vowel
 
mùn to mü`n
! scope="col"|
then change final consonant to
 
nggh,nz,mv
 
mü`n to mü`nz
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Causative
If verb ends in r,l
|tsañje
 
|húhmye
like còr
|byén'gye
! scope="col"|
|südzlarje
weaken vowel
|kwélje
 
còr to cë`r
! scope="col"|
then change final consonant to y,z
 
cë`r to cë`y
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Ablative
If verb ends in a vowel
|tsanding
 
|húmbing
like mála
|byén'ging
! scope="col"|
|südlarjing
weaken core vowel
|kwélzing
 
mála to më´la
! scope="col"|
then weaken ending vowel
 
më´la to më´lë
|}
Formation of the weak intransitive stem
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
If verb ends in p,t,k
 
like cèt
! scope="col"|
weaken core vowel
 
cî`t
! scope="col"|
then voice final consonant to b,d,g
 
cî`d
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Benefactive
If verb ends in anything else
|tsaanpi
 
|húmpi
like mála
|bzhíingpi
! scope="col"|
|südzlarpi
weaken core vowel
|kwíilpi
 
më´la
! scope="col"| -
|}
Note: verb roots can be divided into 2 groups: roots that can be either transitive or intransitive (like cét)
 
and true intransitive verbs (like nèb). True intransitive roots use only the strong basic and weak intransitive stem forms. They can never be used in a transitive sense in the active voice. These roots are listed in '''bold '''in the vocabulary section, and may end in the ordinarily forbidden consonants b,f,v,d,s,z,c,j,sh,zh,g,gh.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Mood suffixes
! scope="col"|Mood
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Transitive suffix form
! scope="col"|
 
Intransitive suffix form
|-
|-
! scope="col"|Used with strong form
! scope="row"|Posessive
! scope="col"|
|tsaahnno
Indicative
|húuhmno
 
|bzhíihngno
he             
|südzlahrno
X-s/is X-ing
|kwíihlno
! scope="col"| - (cès)
! scope="col"| - (málal)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Adessive
! scope="col"|
|tsaancra
Inevitable condition
|húumcra
 
|bzhíingcra
if he X-s, he will Y
|südzlarcra
! scope="col"|e (cèse)
|kwíilcra
! scope="col"|ot (málot)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Instrumental
Used with weak form
|tsaahnu
 
|húuhmu
(all suffixes steal tone of core verb)
|bzhíihngu
! scope="col"|
|südzlaarzho
Possible condition
|kwíiyo
 
if he X-s, he may Y
! scope="col"|
í(y) (cîsì)
 
(cîsìyu)
! scope="col"|ô´t (mëlô´t)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Locative
! scope="col"|
|tsanti
Interrogative
|húmpi
 
|byéngki
is he xing?
|südzlarshi
! scope="col"|
|kwélsi
éj
 
(cîsèj)
! scope="col"|
ój
 
(mëlój)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="col"|
|tsaanci
Possibility
|húumci
 
|bzhíingci
he may X
|südzlaarci
! scope="col"| è (cîsè)
|kwíilci
! scope="col"| lè(mëllé)
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Paucal stem
! scope="col"|
|tsansíi
Capability
|húmvíi
 
|byéngxíi
he can x
|südzlarzhíi
! scope="col"| sú (cîssù)
|kwélzíi
! scope="col"| só(mëlasó)
|}
|}
===Command stem formation===
==Verbs ==
Behru verbs agree with both subject and object in number an animacy, and can function as replacements for many nouns. For example, the Behru word "muhlamaleslzilíi" means "you can't sing them", a verb used in place of a noun meaning "consonants". Like a regular noun, it may have endings added to it and be declined.
===Abstract endings (kshémudoon ceddobaaghe)===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
|+Abstract Intransitive endings
For consonant verbs
 
Lengthen core vowel
 
cèt to cìt
 
If intransitive, do the same, but add-l and voice the final consonant
 
mála to mâ´lal
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="row"|Number
for vowel verbs
! scope="col"|Singular
 
! scope="col"|Paucal
Lengthen core vowel
! scope="col"|Plural
 
weaken second vowel
 
mála to mâ´lë
 
add l if intransitive
|}
The command stem is used for the imperative. Also, the command stem can be used to make a "future certain" or a self command with the first person basic subject suffixes.. Cìtu means "I will speak" and shows strong intention, and zínuv means "we will go".
==Mood stem==
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Mood stem formation
! scope="col"|
For consonant verbs
 
weaken final consonant, voice it (if applicable)
 
cèt to cèz
 
zén to zénz
 
málal to málaz
! scope="col"|
 
 
 
add -a
 
cèza
 
zénza
 
málaza
|-
|-
! scope="col"|
For vowel verbs
Add ya to the end of the stem
mála to málaya
! scope="col"|
|}
===Linking stem===
Leave in basic stem, no changes. This form is used when for compound verbs.
===Step 2: Tense===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Formation of past and future tenses
! scope="col"|
To form the past tense of a strong stem verb
like cès
! scope="col"|
add le after the core vowel
cès to cèles
|-
! scope="col"|
To form the past tense of a weak stem verb
like cî`s
! scope="col"|
add l after the core vowel
cî`s to cî`ls
|-
! scope="col"|
To form the future tense of a strong stem verb
like hyéf
! scope="col"|
add ne after the core vowel
hyéf to hyénef
|-
! scope="col"|
To form the future tense of a weak stem verb
like hyî´f
! scope="col"|
add n after the core vowel
hyî´f to hyî´mf
|}
===Step 3: Aspect===
====Habitual aspect====
The habitual aspect would indicate a habit, or something frequently done. It may be combined with the past tense.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
Find the first consonant or consonant at the end of a consonant cluster of a verb
! scope="col"|
insert a weakened version of the core vowel after the inital consonants (applies to all verbs)
cèt to cîèt
! scope="col"|
and divide vowels with a voices fricative of the same point or pronounciation
cîèt to cîzhèt
|}
The habitual voice is used to indicate actions that the speakers does or did frequently. ghùtrhi mòkshi zîzénenu would mean I used to go to the beach (on a regular basis). When used with the future tense, it indicates a desire to get into a habit, mòkshi zîzélenu would mean I will (get into the habit of) going to the beach.
====Momentous aspect====
By prefixing pà- to a verb, a sense of sudenness is given to a verb. It expresses a bit of surprise on the part of a speaker as well.
===Subject Agreement===
The Behru verb agrees with its preformer, or subject, in person and number. A transitive verb also agrees with its object in person, subject, and number. .
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Behru subject agreement in intransitive verbs
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|True
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Derived
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|Reflexive
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="row"|
Strong
(realis)
! scope="row"|First person
! scope="row"|First person
|u
|hi
|uv
|bu
|we
|ñji
|li
|lizh
|lye
|ufa
|ufi
|ufe
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|Second person
! scope="row"|Second person
|ka
|ka
|kav
|ku
|ke
|(long)he
|le
|lezh
|leye
|kaxa
|kixi
|kexe
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|Third person
! scope="row"|Third person
|hro
|hyu
|hrov
|zú
|hron
|hlo
|hlozh
|hlon
|hlon
|hroyo
|hrozhi
|hroye
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|Fourth person
! scope="row"|Fourth person
|ir
|li
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Transitive verb subject object agreement
! scope="col"|
Subject>
Object
! scope="col"|1st p one
! scope="col"|1st p few
! scope="col"|1st p many
! scope="col"|2nd p one
! scope="col"|2nd p few
! scope="col"|2nd p many
! scope="col"|3rd p one
! scope="col"|3rd p few
! scope="col"|3rd p many
! scope="col"|4th p
|-
! scope="col"|1p one
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|vum
! scope="col"|vem
! scope="col"|kam
! scope="col"|kvam
! scope="col"|kem
! scope="col"|rom
! scope="col"|rim
! scope="col"|rem
! scope="col"|ilm
|-
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|umva
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|kamva
! scope="col"|kumva
! scope="col"|kemva
! scope="col"|romva
! scope="col"|rimva
! scope="col"|remva
! scope="col"|irmva
|-
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|ume
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|gve
! scope="col"|kwe
! scope="col"|keme
! scope="col"|rome
! scope="col"|rime
! scope="col"|reme
! scope="col"|irme
|-
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|ung
! scope="col"|vung
! scope="col"|veng
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|kung
! scope="col"|keng
! scope="col"|rong
! scope="col"|ring
! scope="col"|reng
! scope="col"|irng
|-
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|ungi
! scope="col"|vungi
! scope="col"|vengi
! scope="col"|kangi
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|kengi
! scope="col"|rongi
! scope="col"|ringi
! scope="col"|rengi
! scope="col"|irngi
|-
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|unge
! scope="col"|vunge
! scope="col"|venge
! scope="col"|kange
! scope="col"|kunge
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|ronge
! scope="col"|ringe
! scope="col"|renge
! scope="col"|irnge
|-
! scope="col"|3p one
! scope="col"|un
! scope="col"|vun
! scope="col"|ven
! scope="col"|kan
! scope="col"|kun
! scope="col"|ken
! scope="col"|rozh
! scope="col"|rin
! scope="col"|ren
! scope="col"|iro
|-
! scope="col"|3p few
! scope="col"|uni
! scope="col"|vuni
! scope="col"|veni
! scope="col"|kazh
! scope="col"|kwi
! scope="col"|krezh
! scope="col"|rozha
! scope="col"|rizh
! scope="col"|reni
! scope="col"|iri
|-
! scope="col"|3p many
! scope="col"|une
! scope="col"|vune
! scope="col"|vene
! scope="col"|kane
! scope="col"|kune
! scope="col"|kene
! scope="col"|ron
! scope="col"|rine
! scope="col"|rezh
! scope="col"|ire
|-
! scope="col"|4p
! scope="col"|ul
! scope="col"|vul
! scope="col"|vel
! scope="col"|kal
! scope="col"|kul
! scope="col"|kel
! scope="col"|rol
! scope="col"|ril
! scope="col"|rel
! scope="col"|uli
|}
In the first person endings, the few and many endings carry different implications. mëmalalizh would mean "we are moving" (just us) but mëmalalye would mean "we are moving" (inculding the people being spoken to.) The fourth person endings are used to name a vague, distant, or unknown subject.               
These endings are used to indicate an action directed to the self, "cèleshu" would mean "I said to myself."
===Descriptive verbs===
Descriptive verbs are a special form of intransitive verb that are used to show ongoing states, like "the boiling rock" or permanent states, like "the rock is hard". Descriptive verbs function as adjectives. They agree with the noun being described in number, and use the intransitive stem. They are placed before the modified noun. When descriptive verb endings are not used, a participle is implied. -l descriptive verbs are attached to the intransitive stem of a verb, resultive verbs are attached to the basic stem.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Endings of a Behru descriptive verb
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="col"|Third person
! scope="col"|lu
! scope="col"|luv
! scope="col"|lun
|-
! scope="col"|Secord person
! scope="col"|ghu
! scope="col"|ghuv
! scope="col"|ghe
|-
! scope="col"|First person
! scope="col"|vu
! scope="col"|vuv
! scope="col"|ve
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Resultive state endings
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="col"|Third person
! scope="col"|ru
! scope="col"|ruzh
! scope="col"|run
|-
! scope="col"|Second person
! scope="col"|xu
! scope="col"|xuzh
! scope="col"|xe
|-
! scope="col"|First person
! scope="col"|fu
! scope="col"|fuzh
! scope="col"|fe
|}
Resultant state endings are used to indicate an action has already happened to the described object
An illustration of the three ways to describe nouns with verbs
lwóhmro kàrt: rock that is being heated up
lwóhmlo kàrt: rock that is heating uo
lwómlu kàrt: Hot rock
lwómru kàrt: Rock that has become heated.
These verbs may be used in both attributive an predicative positions, for example, both lwómlu kàrt and kàrt lwómlu would be gramatically correct.
===Comparative and superlative verbs.===
A comparative verb is like an adjective, stating that x is more/less y than z. The superlative says that x is the most/least y out of everything. A superlative verb agrees with the noun it describes, like an intransitive verb, and the comparative verb agrees with both the thing it describes and the thing it compares to, like a transitive verb
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Comparative verb endings
! scope="col"|
! colspan="18" scope="col"|Descriptive
! colspan="18" scope="col"|Resultant
|-
! scope="col"|
! colspan="9" scope="col"|"More"
! colspan="9" scope="col"|"Less"
! colspan="9" scope="col"|"More"
! colspan="9" scope="col"|"Less"
|-
! scope="col"|
Described noun-
Compared noun |
! scope="col"|1st person one
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|3p one
! scope="col"|3p few
! scope="col"|3p many
! scope="col"|1p 1
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|3p one
! scope="col"|3p few
! scope="col"|3p many
! scope="col"|1p one
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|3p one
! scope="col"|3p few
! scope="col"|3p many
! scope="col"|1p one
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|3p one
! scope="col"|3p few
! scope="col"|3p many
|-
! scope="col"|1p one
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|vum
! scope="col"|vem
! scope="col"|ghom
! scope="col"|ghum
! scope="col"|ghem
! scope="col"|lom
! scope="col"|lum
! scope="col"|lommë
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|bvom
! scope="col"|vwem
! scope="col"|kwom
! scope="col"|kfum
! scope="col"|kwem
! scope="col"|lwom
! scope="col"|lvom
! scope="col"|lwommë
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|fim
! scope="col"|fem
! scope="col"|xom
! scope="col"|xim
! scope="col"|xem
! scope="col"|rom
! scope="col"|rim
! scope="col"|rem
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|pfim
! scope="col"|fwem
! scope="col"|xwom
! scope="col"|kfim
! scope="col"|xwem
! scope="col"|rwom
! scope="col"|com
! scope="col"|rwem
|-
! scope="col"|1p few
! scope="col"|vomu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|ghomu
! scope="col"|ghumu
! scope="col"|ghemu
! scope="col"|lomu
! scope="col"|lumu
! scope="col"|lommu
! scope="col"|vwomu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|kwomu
! scope="col"|kfumu
! scope="col"|kwemu
! scope="col"|lwomu
! scope="col"|lvomu
! scope="col"|lwommu
! scope="col"|fomi
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|xomi
! scope="col"|ximi
! scope="col"|xemi
! scope="col"|romi
! scope="col"|rimi
! scope="col"|remi
! scope="col"|fwomi
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|xwomi
! scope="col"|kfimi
! scope="col"|xwemi
! scope="col"|rwomi
! scope="col"|comi
! scope="col"|rwemi
|-
! scope="col"|1p many
! scope="col"|vome
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|ghome
! scope="col"|ghume
! scope="col"|gheme
! scope="col"|lome
! scope="col"|lume
! scope="col"|lomme
! scope="col"|vwome
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|kwome
! scope="col"|kfume
! scope="col"|kweme
! scope="col"|lwome
! scope="col"|lvome
! scope="col"|lwomme
! scope="col"|fome
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|xome
! scope="col"|xime
! scope="col"|xeme
! scope="col"|rome
! scope="col"|rime
! scope="col"|reme
! scope="col"|fwome
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|xwome
! scope="col"|kfime
! scope="col"|xweme
! scope="col"|rwome
! scope="col"|come
! scope="col"|rweme
|-
! scope="col"|2p one
! scope="col"|vong
! scope="col"|vung
! scope="col"|veng
! scope="col"|ghong
! scope="col"|ghung
! scope="col"|gheng
! scope="col"|long
! scope="col"|lung
! scope="col"|lonngë
! scope="col"|vwong
! scope="col"|bvong
! scope="col"|vweng
! scope="col"|kwong
! scope="col"|kfung
! scope="col"|kweng
! scope="col"|lwong
! scope="col"|lvong
! scope="col"|lwonng
! scope="col"|fong
! scope="col"|fing
! scope="col"|feng
! scope="col"|xong
! scope="col"|xing
! scope="col"|xeng
! scope="col"|rong
! scope="col"|ring
! scope="col"|reng
! scope="col"|fwong
! scope="col"|pfing
! scope="col"|fweng
! scope="col"|xwong
! scope="col"|kfing
! scope="col"|xweng
! scope="col"|rwong
! scope="col"|cong
! scope="col"|rweng
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|vongu
! scope="col"|vungu
! scope="col"|vengu
! scope="col"|ghongu
! scope="col"|ghungu
! scope="col"|ghengu
! scope="col"|longu
! scope="col"|lungu
! scope="col"|lonngu
! scope="col"|vwongu
! scope="col"|bvongu
! scope="col"|vwengu
! scope="col"|kwongu
! scope="col"|kfungu
! scope="col"|kwengu
! scope="col"|lwongu
! scope="col"|lvongu
! scope="col"|lwonngu
! scope="col"|fongi
! scope="col"|fingi
! scope="col"|fengi
! scope="col"|xongi
! scope="col"|xingi
! scope="col"|xengi
! scope="col"|rongi
! scope="col"|ringi
! scope="col"|rengi
! scope="col"|fwongi
! scope="col"|pfingi
! scope="col"|fwengi
! scope="col"|xwongi
! scope="col"|kfingi
! scope="col"|xwegni
! scope="col"|rwongi
! scope="col"|congi
! scope="col"|rwengi
|-
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|vonge
! scope="col"|vunge
! scope="col"|venge
! scope="col"|ghonge
! scope="col"|ghunge
! scope="col"|ghenge
! scope="col"|longe
! scope="col"|lunge
! scope="col"|lonnge
! scope="col"|vwonge
! scope="col"|bvonge
! scope="col"|vwenge
! scope="col"|kwonge
! scope="col"|kfunge
! scope="col"|kwenge
! scope="col"|lwonge
! scope="col"|lvonge
! scope="col"|lwonnge
! scope="col"|fonge
! scope="col"|finge
! scope="col"|fenge
! scope="col"|xonge
! scope="col"|xinge
! scope="col"|xenge
! scope="col"|ronge
! scope="col"|ringe
! scope="col"|renge
! scope="col"|fwonge
! scope="col"|pfinge
! scope="col"|fwenge
! scope="col"|xwonge
! scope="col"|kfinge
! scope="col"|xwenge
! scope="col"|rwonge
! scope="col"|conge
! scope="col"|rwenge
|-
! scope="col"|3p one
! scope="col"|von
! scope="col"|vun
! scope="col"|ven
! scope="col"|ghon
! scope="col"|ghun
! scope="col"|ghen
! scope="col"|lon
! scope="col"|lun
! scope="col"|lonnë
! scope="col"|vwon
! scope="col"|bvon
! scope="col"|vwen
! scope="col"|kwon
! scope="col"|kfon
! scope="col"|kwen
! scope="col"|lwon
! scope="col"|lvon
! scope="col"|lwonnë
! scope="col"|fon
! scope="col"|fin
! scope="col"|fen
! scope="col"|xon
! scope="col"|xin
! scope="col"|xen
! scope="col"|ron
! scope="col"|rin
! scope="col"|rene
! scope="col"|fwon
! scope="col"|pfin
! scope="col"|fwen
! scope="col"|xwon
! scope="col"|kfin
! scope="col"|xwen
! scope="col"|rwon
! scope="col"|con
! scope="col"|rwen
|-
! scope="col"|3p few
! scope="col"|vonu
! scope="col"|vunu
! scope="col"|venu
! scope="col"|ghonu
! scope="col"|ghunu
! scope="col"|ghenu
! scope="col"|lonu
! scope="col"|lunu
! scope="col"|lonnu
! scope="col"|vwonu
! scope="col"|bvonu
! scope="col"|vwenu
! scope="col"|kwonu
! scope="col"|kfonu
! scope="col"|kwenu
! scope="col"|lwonu
! scope="col"|lvonu
! scope="col"|lwonnu
! scope="col"|foni
! scope="col"|fini
! scope="col"|feni
! scope="col"|xoni
! scope="col"|xini
! scope="col"|xeni
! scope="col"|roni
! scope="col"|rini
! scope="col"|reni
! scope="col"|fwoni
! scope="col"|pfini
! scope="col"|fweni
! scope="col"|xwoni
! scope="col"|kfini
! scope="col"|xweni
! scope="col"|rwoni
! scope="col"|coni
! scope="col"|rweni
|-
! scope="col"|3p many
! scope="col"|vonnë
! scope="col"|vunnë
! scope="col"|vennë
! scope="col"|ghonnë
! scope="col"|ghunnë
! scope="col"|ghennë
! scope="col"|lonnë
! scope="col"|lunnë
! scope="col"|lonnë
! scope="col"|vwonnë
! scope="col"|bvonnë
! scope="col"|vwennë
! scope="col"|kwonnë
! scope="col"|kfonnë
! scope="col"|kwennë
! scope="col"|lwonnë
! scope="col"|lvonnë
! scope="col"|lwonnë
! scope="col"|fonnë
! scope="col"|finnë
! scope="col"|fennë
! scope="col"|xonnë
! scope="col"|xinnë
! scope="col"|ene
! scope="col"|ronnë
! scope="col"|rinnë
! scope="col"|ronnë
! scope="col"|fwonnë
! scope="col"|pfinnë
! scope="col"|fwennë
! scope="col"|xwonnë
! scope="col"|kfinnë
! scope="col"|xwennë
! scope="col"|rwone
! scope="col"|connë
! scope="col"|rwennë
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Superlative verb endings
! scope="col"|
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Descriptive
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Resultant
|-
! scope="col"|
! colspan="3" scope="col"|"Most"
! colspan="3" scope="col"|"Least"
! colspan="3" scope="col"|"Most"
! colspan="3" scope="col"|"Least"
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
! scope="col"|One
! scope="col"|Few
! scope="col"|Many
|-
! scope="col"|Third person
! scope="col"|lelu
! scope="col"|leluv
! scope="col"|lele
! scope="col"|nelu
! scope="col"|neluv
! scope="col"|nele
! scope="col"|reru
! scope="col"|rerizh
! scope="col"|rere
! scope="col"|niru
! scope="col"|nirizh
! scope="col"|nire
|-
! scope="col"|Second person
! scope="col"|xe
! scope="col"|xeyu
! scope="col"|xeye
! scope="col"|nge
! scope="col"|ngeyu
! scope="col"|ngeye
! scope="col"|kehu
! scope="col"|kehi
! scope="col"|kehe
! scope="col"|ngehu
! scope="col"|ngehi
! scope="col"|ngehe
|-
! scope="col"|First person
! scope="col"|fe
! scope="col"|feyu
! scope="col"|feye
! scope="col"|meng
! scope="col"|meyu
! scope="col"|meye
! scope="col"|pehu
! scope="col"|pehi
! scope="col"|pehe
! scope="col"|mehu
! scope="col"|mehi
! scope="col"|mehe
|}
===Voice===
Behru verbs have  voices, passive, causative, anticausative The causative, anticausative and passive voices may be fused to make the causative passive.
Passive voice formation
The passive voice is used for sentences without an agent, or where the agent's role isminimalized.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|add y after the first consonant, mû`n to myû`n
|-
! scope="col"|
For verbs starting with or containing a consonant cluster ending in c,j,sh,zh,ñ,y
like jl`to
! scope="col"|strenghten the core vowel, jl`to to jùlto
! scope="col"|
Then add ry after the first consonant or at the end of the cluster jùlto to jryùlto
|-
! scope="col"|
For verbs starting with or containg a consonant cluster ending in t,d,s,z,n
like dóla
! scope="col"|
strengthen the core vowel
dóla to dô´la
! scope="col"|
then add ly after the first consonant or at the end of the cluster
dô´la to dlyô´a
|-
! scope="col"|
For verbs starting with or containing a consonant cluster with y
like hyép and yùl
! scope="col"|
strengthen thr core vowel
hyép to hyíp
yùl to yû`l
! scope="col"|
then change the y to ey(or yey if that would leave the word starting with a vowel)
hyíp to hezhíp
yû`l to yeyû`l
|}
In order to form the weakened stem of a passive verb
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|
For passive verbs ending in consonants
lik myû`n
dlyóla
! scope="col"|
Weaken the final consonant (if applicable) and core vowel
and add é/è(depending on the accent of the core vowel
myünzè
dlyëlé
|}
====Causative formation====
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Formation of the causative stem
! scope="col"|
if root starts with or contains a cluster ending with b,p,f,v,m
like mála
! scope="col"|
strengthen core vowel
mála to m''á''la
! scope="col"|
and add o to after the initial consonant or cluster
m''á''la to mow''á''la
|-
! scope="col"|
If root starts with or has a consonant cluster ending in w
like gwàmo
! scope="col"|
strengthen the core vowel
gwámo to gw''á''mo
! scope="col"|
and add o to the end of the initial consonant or cluster
gw''á''mo to gwow''á''mo
|}
The causative voice is used to indicate that someone played a role assisting or causing another action. The causative stem has several verb suffixes added to add to its meaning.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Causative stem suffixes
! scope="col"|Kèm: indicates  forced action
! scope="col"|mowâ´lakèmraya (someone) is making him/her move something
|-
! scope="col"|xù: indicates assistance in an action
! scope="col"|mowâ´laxùraya (someone) is helping him/her move something
|-
! scope="col"|mésa: indicates a permitted  action
! scope="col"|mowâ´lamésaraya (someone) let him her move something
|-
! scope="col"|sù: indicates an action caused indirectly or as a result of something else.
! scope="col"|mowâ´lasùraya(something else happened) that let/ caused him/her to move something
|}
===Anticausative formation===
The anticausative is the opposite of the causative, it indicates that an action was interfered with/ stopped by an outside force. It also strengthens the core vowel
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|If verbs starts with/ ends in a consonant cluster with k,g,x,gh,h,ng
! scope="col"|Infix -ang- after the first consonant(s), like kát to kangâ´t
|-
! scope="col"|If verb starts with/ ends in a consonant cluster with c,j,sh,zh,r,y,ñ
! scope="col"|infix -en- after the first consonants, like yùl to yenû`l
|-
! scope="col"|If verb sarts with/ ends in a consonant cluster with t,d,s,z,l
! scope="col"|infix -an- after the first consonants, like dére to daníre
|-
! scope="col"|If verb starts with/ ends in a consonant cluster with b,p,f,v,m,w
! scope="col"|infix -um- after the first consonants, like mála to mumâ´la
|}
The anticausative uses the same causative endings, with opposite meanings, for example
yenû`lkèmu (someone) stops me from walking
yenû`lxfù(someone) interferes my walking
yenû`lmésu (someone) won't let me walk
yenû`lsfù (something caused) me to not walk
(note: y and w, when at the end of an initial consonant cluster are Not used for determining the infix)
===Fusing voices===
====Combining Causative and anticausative  with the passive====
To combine passive with the causative or anticausative, one first changes the stem to causative or anticausative, then palatalizes it. Example: Kàsa to kwàsa to kuy'''à'''sa, brúvi to brenû´vi to breñû´vi.
===Deriving verbs to nouns===
The most common way to change a verb into a noun is adding the suffix -ka to the end of a fully conjugated verb. Ka conjugates as a normal "a" noun, despite being only one syllable. Ka is used in a great variety of sentance constructions. For example, "rùnalu shùnza mási cèt ka céshro" "She doesn't like the act of speaking in front of other people" glossed "she dislikes speaking in front of other people."
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Nominalizing suffixes
! scope="col"|ka (irregularily declined)
! scope="col"|gerund, cètka would mean speaking. Often used to form abstract nouns, málaka means "movement"
|-
! scope="col"|zo
! scope="col"|inanimate object associated with the verb (often imparts an irregular meaning which must be learned independantly) cèdzo would mean "words, speech)
|-
! scope="col"|hen
! scope="col"|means -er in english, also used to indicate the inhabitant of a location, cèsen would mean speaker, kìdilihen would mean an idili person.
|-
! scope="col"|hik
! scope="col"|means "a way of doing something, method". cèsik would mean "language"(way of speaking)
|-
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|}
==Behru sentence and phrase construction==
===Sentance introductory particles===
These paticles are placed at the beginning of the sentence and are used to indicate the speakers viewpoint about what they are saying. They include
ghé: indicates a new observation, ex: ghé mòk màshro, (I just noticed) the sea is calming down.
wèn: indicates an opinion or belief. ex: wèn yùdon mesë´hmfro (I think) that child can't see. 
cì: indicates a reminder, can be somewhat rude,
===Transitive sentence structure===
A Behru transitive verb agrees with both its object and subject in person and number. The subject of a Behru sentence is unaltered, and the object is put in the receiver case
A transitive sentence: shún kr`du zòsrozha
Man-subj rock-few-obj break-3rdperson-one-subj-3rdperson-few-obj
Gloss: The man breaks some rocks
Because transitive sentences agree with the subject and object, Behru does not have pronouns, as they would be redundant. A sentence consisting of only the verb would look like this: cézvung (we talked to you)
===Intransitive sentence structure===
An intransitive verb in Behru may either be intransitive by default or derived from a transitive verb. A transitive verb agrees with its subject, which may be either in the basic or receiver cases. The verb still agrees with it in person and number, though. Here is an example of the differance in meaning depedning on the case used
basic case: shùn dwéhnlo "The man cooled off" (intentionally) vs. shü´hnë dwéhnlo "The man cooled off (because it was cold outside). This is why Behru cesik is considered to have "fluid ergativity" as linguistics say.
==="Bu" particle===
Verbs associated with the bu particle usually have to do with opinions or thoughts. cét (to speak, to say) and hmèn also use thebu particle like quotes, it marks off the subject thought about or the words said. In most verbs, bu indicates the target of an opinion. Bu may encapsulate a subordinate clause without using abstract nouns like zo or ka. An example would be: "náwa së´mvarime" bu mü´klë dòn cèsraya.
"Mom can't see us" the kid said to his dog.
===Passive sentence structure===
In a passive sentence, the subject is deleted, the passive verb agrreing in person and number with the object instead. The object is left in the basic case, rather than the receiver case. The subject may optionally be indicated through the means case. The passive can indicate two things, a vagueness about the subject, and a dissapointment about the action referred to on the part of the speaker. When the passive form is used with an intransitive verb, it is always used to indicate dissapointment.
A passive sentence: mùgvo kàrt zryònesro (The rock was broken by the dog) or, deleting the subject: kàrt zryònesro (the rock was broken). Even the object can be removed: zryònesro (it was broken) Usage with the intransitive: kàrt zònetlo: the rock broke (speaker wishes that didn't happen.)
===Causative and Permissive sentence structure===
In a causative or permissive, a third player, the causer, put in the cause case, either forced (in a causative form) or allowed(in a permissive form) an action to happen
an example of a causative sentence: shúnwe rùnayònën "cálmu" bu dòn cwèsrozha: The person made the child say to the other men "I'm fine".
===The direction case===
The direction case inicates the destination of a verb of motion, or the goal of another action.
===The location case===
The location case indicates the location or context where an action takes place.
===The origin case===
the origin case indicates the origin of an action, or the reason for an action, sometimes meanin "because"
===The means and companion cases===
The means case indicates the tool used to do an action, usually translated as "with". The companion case indicates a companion in a sentence, and can usually be translated as "together with". Both cases can be negated with the infix -(a)ma, meaning without, inserted immediatly after the noun stem (the a is useed when the noun stem ends in a consonant.) The noun is then declined into the means or companion cases.
An example of the means case: kàrdl zòlesraya He broke it with a rock.
An example of the comanion case: múkur yùlu I walked with a dog.
Negated versions of the above sentences: kàrtamal zòlesraya: He broke it without a rock
múkamit zòlesraya: I walked without the dog.
==Compound sentences==
===Conjunctions===
tu: sentence a but sentence b
fa: sentence a thus sentence b
lya sentence a or sentence b
Behru cesik uses only these three conjunctions independantly, most other sentence linking is done through clause subordination.
===Chaining nouns and verbs===
Behru nouns and verbs may be chained in a variety of ways with post position pronouns.The simplest way to chain nouns together is to add "ce" to the last word in the list. This means and, and a noun phrase ending in ce has all inflection shifted to the ce as if it were a noun. The nouns in the phrase are declined for number. An example of this would be "yón vén cèsa dòn (sùlu)" ''this is the man and woman's child''. Other postpositional pronouns that function like ce would include bi (or) xa (including, with, consisting) ño (all) fe(some) txa(inexhaustive list) and gi(also, in addition). When chaining verbs in this manner, it is typical to add the suffix -ka to nominalize them.
Examples of usage:
múg jwòja bi lnémuhro ''Do they want a dog or a cat.''
===Comparisons===
==Verbs that incorporate nouns==
Behru has no independant copula. Instead -lòn is suffixed to a noun to change it into a to be verb, for example
sùmúk mejwòjalóhnro ''This dog isn't a cat. ''Other verbs are changed into suffixes like this as well, for example, -lór (to become, as in yùmúk jwòjakóllehrro ''that dog became a cat. ''The third major incorporating verb is -lû´r (to make) as in
mebóloniyéyejuv? ''can't we make bolo?''
Because adjectives are ensentially altered forms of verbs, they can be considered to have the copula "built in" and do not need any
==Numbers==
===Behru has a base 12 numbering system. Simple numbers are simply prefixed before the nouns they count.===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
! scope="col"|1 mu
! scope="col"|12 gu
! scope="col"|144 sran
! scope="col"|1728 ghwe
! scope="col"|20736 sha
! scope="col"|248832 gusha
! scope="col"|
429981616
sisha
! scope="col"|
8916100448256
sifosha
! scope="col"|
12^16
siñesha
|-
! scope="col"|2 fo
! scope="col"|
24
fu
! scope="col"|288 fowan
! scope="col"|3456 fowe
! scope="col"|
41472
fosha
! scope="col"|
497664
fusha
! scope="col"|
859963232
fosisha
! scope="col"|etc
! scope="col"|etc
|-
! scope="col"|3 ñe
! scope="col"|
36 ñu
! scope="col"|
432
ñeyan
! scope="col"|
5184
ñewe
! scope="col"|
62208
ñesha
! scope="col"|
746496
ñusha
! scope="col"|etc
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|
4
ber
! scope="col"|
48
bru
! scope="col"|576 beran
! scope="col"|6912 berwe
! scope="col"|etc
! scope="col"|etc
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|5 dat
! scope="col"|60 datu
! scope="col"|etc
! scope="col"|etc
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|6 hmye
! scope="col"|72 hmyu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|7 vel
! scope="col"|84 vlu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|8 fer
! scope="col"|96 fru
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|9 niñe
! scope="col"|108 niñu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|10 dot
! scope="col"|120 dotu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|-
! scope="col"|11 ruse
! scope="col"|121 rusu
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
! scope="col"|
|}
Complex numbers.
To make complex numbers, like 25, or 156, one strings together the simple numbers and adds ce (meaning and) to the end.
25: fumuce fu(24) and mu(1)
156: sranguce sran(144( and gu(12)


157: srangucemuce


305: fowangucedacce


==Honorifics==
<!-- Categories -->
''{{NUMBEROFVIEWS}}''
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Behru cesik]]

Latest revision as of 02:43, 20 January 2017

Behru Cesik (meaning Behru way of speaking) is the highest language of the Behru empire. The stage of the language represented in this article is that spoken when the empire conquered the Yamazi dynasty of Winanda and began imposing its culture over a wide area.

Phonology

Phonemes

All Behru consonants except /h/ have voiced and voiceless counterparts. Voiceless consonants are usually weakly aspirated, the voiceless sonorants strongly so. Voiceless consonants are listed after their voiced counterparts in the table. Romanization is listed in Bold below the ipa. Romanization will be used in all sections of the article other than the phonology section.

Consonants (muhlámaleslzilíi)
Labial (Kálihi) Alveolar (jüdíixáahniík) Post alveolar (jüdíixëhnémihi) Palato-alveolar (jüdíixáansingerihi) Palatal (singerihi) Velar (singezóok) Glottal (mákughétóok)
Plosive (zotozilíi)

p b

p b

t d

t d

g k

g k

h

h

Afrricate (zotaxehmozilíi)

tɕ dʑ

c j

Fricative (xehmozilíil)

ɸ β

f v

s z

s z

ɕ ʑ

sh zh

x ɣ

x gh

Nasal (dzátacetozilíi)

m m̥ʰ

m hm

n n̥ʰ

n hn

ɲ ɲ̥ʰ

ñ hñ

ŋ ŋ̥ʰ

ng hng

Approximant (manjiuzilíi)

w w̥ʰ

w hw

l l̥ʰ

l hl

r r̥ʰ

r hr

j j̥ʰ

y hy

Behru has 4 base vowels, a, ɛ, u, and o, whose qualities change based on length and stress. Each vowel has 3 forms, long, short, and reduced. The vowel centralizes when it reduces, a and o reduce to ə̆, u reduces to ʊ, ɛ reduces to ɪ̆. The vowel ɛ uniquely changes to i: when lengthened. As before, romanized forms are marked in the chart. In addition, vowels may carry a high tone or a low tone, a high tone is marked with an acute, e.g., á, í, úu, óo. Low tone is unmarked. Reduced vowels are always low tone, even if derived from an originally high toned vowel.

Vowels (lámozilíi)
Front Front-mid Mid Mid-back Back
Close

i:

ii

ɪ̆

i

ʊ̆

ü

u u:

uu u

Mid

ɛ

e

ə̆

ë

o o:

oo o

Open

a: a

aa a


Phonotactical restraints and Sandhi

Rule 1

All syllables start with 1 to 4 consonants and contain only 1 vowel, no more, no less.

j̥ʰa, mút, cen, xoo, ɲɛ are all permitted.

ɛt, u and itɕ are not permitted due to not having an initial consonant.

sɛun, lai, and ɣə̆if are not permitted due to having 2 vowels.

tpt, xn, mj̥ʰ are not permitted due to having no vowels.

*exception: kl̥t and zrn are permitted because /l/ and /r/ may optionally function as reduced vowels.

Rule 2

All consonants in a consonant cluster must agree in voicing if they do not, the voicing of the first consonant of the second syllable controls the voicing. kx, tɸ, n̥ts, bw, dɣy and m̥y̥ʰ are all permitted due to all members of the cluster agreeing in voice. sʊ̆ɸk+zwáan must be changed to sʊ̆βgzwáan because they do not agree in voicing. As z is the first consonant of the second syllable and is voiced, it changes all unvoiced consonants in the cluster to voiced, changing k to g and ɸ to β l̥ʰən+ksɛ must become l̥ʰən̥ksɛ, because k, the first consonant of the second syllable, is unvoiced, changing the voiced n to voiceless n̥.

Rule 3

Syllable initial consonant clusters are permitted, they may consist at most

Stop + Fricative + Liquid (/l/ or /r/) + /w/ or /j/, or

Nasal+ /w/ or /j/ in that order.

kfr̥j̥ is permitted as it contains a stop fricative, liquid, and /j/ in the right order, and all consonants agree in voicing, as specified in rule two. kn̥ and ŋr are not permitted as nasals may not coexist with stops, fricatives, or liquids in consonant clusters. skj̥ is not permitted as fricatives may not precede stops, sɲ̥ is not permitted as fricatives may not precede nasals. mj is permitted as /j/ may come after a nasal. zlw is permitted as all constituents are in the right order, fricative>liquid> /w/ or /y/ wzl and lzw are not, however, they are not in the right order. βj is permitted, the contituents are in the right order and of the right type. Rule 4 any alveolar consonant followed by /j/ is transformed to its palatal counterpart. tj̥ and dj become tɕ and dʑ respectively. sj̥ and zj become ɕ and ʑ respectively nj and n̥j̥ʰ become ɲ and ɲ̥ʰ respectively.

Rule 5 The combinations /ji:/ and /jɪ/ are always converted to /ʑi:/ and /ʑɪ/ respectively. In the same manner, /wʊ/ and /wu:/ are always converted to /βʊ/ and /βu:/ respectively. This rule overides rule 3, the syllable /zlji:/ will be converted to /zlʑi:/ even though /zlʑ/ is otherwise forbidden at the beginning of a syllable due to having a fricative after a liquid. The /β/ and /ʑ/ will be converted into /ɸ/ and /ɕ/ if it would violated rule 2, /pl̥w̥ʰʊ/ would be converted to /pl̥ɸʊ/, not /pl̥βʊ/, /kj̥i:/ to /kɕi:/, not /kʑi:/. Rule 6 The only consonants that may occur syllable finally are t/d, p/b/, ɸ/β, k/g, n/n̥, m/m̥, ɲ/ɲ̥, ŋ/ŋ̥, and ɕ/ʑ. Voicing is not distinguished in the final position. Final stops and fricatives may have nasals preceding them , and ɕ/ʑ and ɸ/βmay precede any one of the others(but not eachother). Two nasals may not occur in a row in these syllables. raβn is a permitted syllable, but raβʑ is not. ramβ is permitted. l̥̥ʰʊm̥k is permitted, l̥ʰumn is not. kaβʑ and kaʑβ are not permitted, ʑ and β may not be together at the end of a syllable. Rule 7 A sequence of vowels is always interrupted by glides and or has the first vowel deleted to avoid violating rule 1. The change depends on the first vowel, ɛ, ɪ, and ii insert /j/ in a sequence of vowels. /ɪ/ is deleted when /j/ is inserted. uu, u, o, and ʊ insert /w/ in a sequence of vowels. /u/ and /ʊ/ are deleted when /w/ is inserted. kaɛ would become kɛ kau would become ku kɛɛ would become kɛjɛ kɪo: would become kjo: ki:o would become ki:jo ku:a would become ku:wa kua and kʊa would both become kwa kɛi: would become kɛji:, which would then become kɛʑi: due to rule 5 kʊu and kuu would both become kwu, which would then become kβu due to rule 5, and then kɸu due to rule 1. sɪɪ would become sjɪ due to rule 5, which would then become ɕi due to rule 4.

Nouns

Behru nouns delcine for 12 cases and 3 numbers. The 12 cases can be grouped into the simple cases, Nominative, Causative, Ablative, Benefactive, Posessive, Instrumental, Adessive, Locative, and Dative, and the complex cases, Accusative, Genitive, and Comparative. The complex cases use a different stem than simple cases.

Declension of Vowel deleting nouns

múki, dog-like animal

(i-type )

ratu, wind

(u-type )

ksopa, shelf

(a-type)

Nominative múkësh ratët ksopët
Causative múkye ratúsh ksopé
Ablative múking ratung ksopang
Benefactive múkimpi (múki-kimpi) ratwimpi ksopempi
Posessive múkihno (múki-kihno) ratwihno ksopehno
Adessive múkicra (múki-kicra) ratwicra ksopecra
Instrumental múkl rato ksopo
Locative múxi (múk-hi) raswi (rat-hwi) ksofi (ksop-hi)
Dative múkci ratcwi ksopci
Paucal stem múkíi- raswíi- ksopégii-



Declension of vowel holding nouns
myéngu water bghoze bucket nadno berry rwidli people, tribe hnáza platform, step
Nominative myénguzu bghozezu nadnozu rwidlizu hnázazu
Causative myéngóye bghozéjje nadnóye rwidlíish hnázáash
Ablative myéngweng bghozeng nadnweng rwidleng hnázang
Benefactive myéngwimpi bghozempi nadnokimpi rwidlikimpi hnázempi
Posessive myéngwihno bghozehno nadnokihno rwidlikihno hnázehno

Adessive

myéngwicra bghozecra nadnokicra rwidlikicra hnázecra
Instrumental myéngo bghozho (bghoz-yo) nadno rwidlyl hnáza
Locative myéngwíik bghozíik nadnóok rwidllíik hnazíik
Dative myénguci bghozeci nadnoci rwidlici hnázaci
Paucal stem myéngugíi bghozíi nadnwíi rwidlíi hnázegíi



Declension of sonorant nouns.
tsan support húm fluid byéng metal südzlar elbow kwél cloud
Nominative tsaan húum bzhíing südzlaar kwíil
Causative tsañje húhmye byén'gye südzlarje kwélje
Ablative tsanding húmbing byén'ging südlarjing kwélzing
Benefactive tsaanpi húmpi bzhíingpi südzlarpi kwíilpi
Posessive tsaahnno húuhmno bzhíihngno südzlahrno kwíihlno
Adessive tsaancra húumcra bzhíingcra südzlarcra kwíilcra
Instrumental tsaahnu húuhmu bzhíihngu südzlaarzho kwíiyo
Locative tsanti húmpi byéngki südzlarshi kwélsi
Dative tsaanci húumci bzhíingci südzlaarci kwíilci
Paucal stem tsansíi húmvíi byéngxíi südzlarzhíi kwélzíi

Verbs

Behru verbs agree with both subject and object in number an animacy, and can function as replacements for many nouns. For example, the Behru word "muhlamaleslzilíi" means "you can't sing them", a verb used in place of a noun meaning "consonants". Like a regular noun, it may have endings added to it and be declined.

Abstract endings (kshémudoon ceddobaaghe)

Abstract Intransitive endings
Number Singular Paucal Plural
First person hi bu ñji
Second person ka ku (long)he
Third person hyu zú hlon
Fourth person li
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