Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation	[/θensaːrimem/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tígeł and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

Explain those clusters from PQ clusters

• ȝastran = 'laugh'

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	(p /p/)	t /t/			c /k/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /φ/	θ /θ/	s /s/			ħ /ħ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced		δ /ð/	(z /z/)			ȝ /ʕ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		v /w~ʋ/	l /l/		j /j/

Notes

• Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but unaspirated after /s/.
• /r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
• /l/ is dental [l̪].
• /p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
• /ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.

Vowels

Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ÿ/	ȳ /ÿː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ē /eː/			o /ɔ/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes

• /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].

Phonotactics

Allowed clusters

• R = resonant X = obstruent
• Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.

Geminates

• mm nn ll rr tt cc ss θθ

RR

• mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv vl vr

RX

• nf nt nθ ns nc nħ
• mb nd nδ ng nȝ
• lf lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ
• rf rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ

XR

• fn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn
• sm sn sl sr sv
• fl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl
• fr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr

XX

• sf st sc sȝ sb sd sg
• cs ct ħs ħt

XXR

• sfr str scl scr sȝl sȝr

Phonological diachronics

Consonant correspondences

• b < PQ pʼ, b
• f < PQ p
• t < PQ t, ƛ
• d < PQ tʼ, d
• θ < PQ ł
• δ < PQ ƛʼ
• s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
• c < PQ k, kʷ
• g < PQ kʼ, g
• ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
• ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
• h < PQ h
• m < PQ m, mʼ
• n < PQ n
• l < PQ l, λ
• r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
• v < PQ w, wʼ
• j < PQ y

Cluster resolution

• tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

• *a > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
• *ə > e
• *i > i
• *u > u
• *ay > ȳ
• *əy > ae
• *uy > ui
• *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
• *aw > ao
• *əw > iō
• *iw > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co
• *Cx > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
  • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
• *ix̌ʷ > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eā
• *iy(ə)x > iē

Orthography

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

1. R:
2. D:
3. Z:
4. I:
5. A:
6. Ħ:
7. F:
8. M:
9. L:
10. G:
11. C:
12. H:
13. B:
14. S:
15. V:
16. O:
17. J:
18. Ȝ:
19. Δ:
20. Y:
21. T:
22. N:
23. Θ:
24. P:
25. E:
26. U:

Morphology

Main article: Thensarian/Morphology

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Dependent clauses

Sequences of tenses are important in Thensarian grammar.