Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions
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*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞]. | */ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞]. | ||
*/e, o/ tend to lower to [ɛ, ɔ] when word-final. | |||
===Mutations=== | ===Mutations=== |
Revision as of 15:41, 9 February 2017
Hlou-Shum languages /ˈɮɛtʃɑn/ (Hlou-Shum languages: Λetjan /ɮetʃʰɑn/; beyghne Etjan /pejɣne etʃʰɑn/) is a Naquic language inspired by Praimhín's Rencadian. It is a modern descendant of Naquian.
Main sources of loanwords:
- Thensarian
- Tíogall
- Nurian
- Some from Naquian
Numbers 1-12: bev, diho, nätj-L, tσov, dzäwa, bel-L, oth, losath, bäs-L, geyo, däv, dädha-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
Stop | tenuis | b /p/ | d /t/ | dz /ts/ | dλ /tɬ/ | dj /tʃ/ | g /k/ | |
aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | ts /tsʰ/ | tσ /tɬʰ/ | tj /tʃʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | σ /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ |
voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | z /z/ | λ /ɮ/ | zj /ʒ/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||
Approximant | l /l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
- Notes
- In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
- Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since Hlou-Shum languages has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ/ is borrowed as /l/.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i /i/ | ũ /ɨ/ | u /u/ |
Mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | |
Open | ä /æ/ | a /ɑ/ |
- Notes
- /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
- /e, o/ tend to lower to [ɛ, ɔ] when word-final.
Mutations
Normal | p | t | ts | s | tσ | σ | tj | sj | c | b | d | dz | z | dλ | λ | dj | zj | g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lenited | f | th | s | h | σ | h | sj | h | ch | v | dh | z | 0 | λ | 0 | zj | 0 | gh |
Normal | m | n | ng | w | l | y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lenited | w | n | ng | w | w | y |
Prosody
Stress
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. However, the stress is quite weak.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.
-ma, -ne, -nũ < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz
bä - person | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | bä | bäma | bäne | bänũ |
Vocative | - | - | väne | vänũ |
Adjectives
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
- bä sawän
- a short person
- miv hawän
- a small house
However, the suffixes -ne and -ma always lenite the following noun:
- bäne hawän
- the short person
Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
Pronouns
Prepositions and conjunctions
- tja-L = and
- ma-L = of
- da-L = at
- ye-L = to
Verbs
Object markers
Object affixes | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
1.ex | na-L, ni-L | äw-L, mi-L |
1.in | - | va-L, bi-L |
2 | tha-L, ti-L | za-L, dzi-L |
3 | wa-L, wi-L |
Tense and subject markers
|
|
|
Derivational morphology
- -äsj (f): nominalizer
Phrasebook
- Lon Λetjvä. = I am a Xaetjeon person.