Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /φ/
| '''φ''' /φ/
| '''θ''' /θ/
| '''θ''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''s''' /s/
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=====RX=====
=====RX=====
*''nf nt nθ ns nc nħ''
*''nt nθ ns nc nħ''
*''mb nd nδ ng nȝ''
*''mb nd nδ ng nȝ''
*''lf lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ''
*''lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ''
*''rf rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ''
*''rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ''


=====XR=====
=====XR=====
*'''''fn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn'''''
*'''''φn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn'''''
*'''''sm sn sl sr sv'''''
*'''''sm sn sl sr sv'''''
*'''''fl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl'''''
*'''''φl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl'''''
*'''''fr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr'''''
*'''''φr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr'''''


=====XX=====
=====XX=====
*'''''sf st sc sȝ''' sb sd sg''
*'''''st sc sȝ''' sb sd sg''
*''cs ct ħs ħt''
*''cs ct ħs ħt''


=====XXR=====
=====XXR=====
*'''''sfr str scl scr sȝl sȝr'''''
*'''''sφr str scl scr sȝl sȝr'''''


===Phonological diachronics===
===Phonological diachronics===
====Consonant correspondences====
====Consonant correspondences====
*''b'' < PQ ''pʼ, b''
*''b'' < PQ ''pʼ, b''
*''f'' < PQ ''p''
*''φ'' < PQ ''p''
*''t'' < PQ ''t, ƛ''
*''t'' < PQ ''t, ƛ''
*''d'' < PQ ''tʼ, d''
*''d'' < PQ ''tʼ, d''
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====Cluster resolution====
====Cluster resolution====
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > '', rb, rc, rg''


====Vowel reflexes====
====Vowel reflexes====
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#'''A:'''
#'''A:'''
#'''Ħ:'''
#'''Ħ:'''
#'''F:'''
#'''Φ:'''
#'''M:'''
#'''M:'''
#'''L:'''
#'''L:'''

Revision as of 03:29, 18 February 2017

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation[/θensaːrimem/]
Created byIlL
SettingHussmauch
Extinct220 v.T.
Quihum
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3qth
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tígeł and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Arabic, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

Explain those clusters from PQ clusters

  • ȝastran = 'laugh'

Notes on notation

Glossary

  • ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Proto-Talmic.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Radical Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ n [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless (p /p/) t /t/ c /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative voiceless φ /φ/ θ /θ/ s /s/ ħ /ħ/ h /h~ɦ/
voiced δ /ð/ (z /z/) ȝ /ʕ/
Trill r /r/
Approximant v /w~ʋ/ l /l/ j /j/


Notes
  • Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but unaspirated after /s/.
  • /r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
  • /l/ is dental [l̪].
  • /p, z/ are not native phonemes, only occurring in Netagin or Clofabic borrowings; [z] does occur as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
  • /ʕ/ is either a pharyngeal plosive [ʡ] or an epiglottal approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.

Vowels

Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ ī /iː/ y /ÿ/ ȳ /ÿː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Mid e /ɛ/ ē /eː/ o /ɔ/ ō /oː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes
  • /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].

Suprasegmentals

Phonotactics

Allowed clusters

  • R = resonant X = obstruent
  • Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.
Geminates
  • mm nn ll rr tt cc ss θθ
RR
  • mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv vl vr
RX
  • nφ nt nθ ns nc nħ
  • mb nd nδ ng nȝ
  • lφ lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ
  • rφ rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ
XR
  • φn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn
  • sm sn sl sr sv
  • φl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl
  • φr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr
XX
  • sφ st sc sȝ sb sd sg
  • cs ct ħs ħt
XXR
  • sφr str scl scr sȝl sȝr

Phonological diachronics

Consonant correspondences

  • b < PQ pʼ, b
  • φ < PQ p
  • t < PQ t, ƛ
  • d < PQ tʼ, d
  • θ < PQ ł
  • δ < PQ ƛʼ
  • s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
  • c < PQ k, kʷ
  • g < PQ kʼ, g
  • ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
  • ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
  • h < PQ h
  • m < PQ m, mʼ
  • n < PQ n
  • l < PQ l, λ
  • r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
  • v < PQ w, wʼ
  • j < PQ y

Cluster resolution

  • tp, tb, tk, tg > rφ, rb, rc, rg

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

  • *a > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
  • *ə > e
  • *i > i
  • *u > u
  • *ay > ȳ
  • *əy > ae
  • *uy > ui
  • *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
  • *aw > ao
  • *əw >
  • *iw >
  • *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co
  • *Cx > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
    • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
  • *ix̌ʷ >
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ >
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ >
  • *iy(ə)x >

Orthography

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

  1. R:
  2. D:
  3. Z:
  4. I:
  5. A:
  6. Ħ:
  7. Φ:
  8. M:
  9. L:
  10. G:
  11. C:
  12. H:
  13. B:
  14. S:
  15. V:
  16. O:
  17. J:
  18. Ȝ:
  19. Δ:
  20. Y:
  21. T:
  22. N:
  23. Θ:
  24. P:
  25. E:
  26. U:

Morphology

Main article: Thensarian/Morphology

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Sequences of tenses are important in Thensarian grammar.

Example texts

Other resources