Tveðo: Difference between revisions

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==Todo==
==Todo==
*''yɴfi'' = truth
*''yṇfi'' = truth
*''nîr'' = water
*''nîr'' = water


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{{PAGENAME}} is a Dravidian language spoken in Lõis's Madagascar. It is inspired by Welsh, chemical names and [[Medh Nghêl]].
{{PAGENAME}} is a Dravidian language spoken in Lõis's Madagascar. It is inspired by Welsh, chemical names and [[Medh Nghêl]].


*1-10: ont, rhant, mwnt, nant, aent, awr, êzh, eᴛh, ompath, path
*1-10: ont, rhant, mwnt, nant, aent, awr, êzh, eṭh, ompath, path
*20-100: îrffath, mwffath, nawsffath, aeffath, awrffath, êzhffath, eᴛhffath, toɴhwr, nwr
*20-100: îrffath, mwffath, nawsffath, aeffath, awrffath, êzhffath, eṭhffath, toṇhwr, nwr


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 124: Line 124:
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''[0]''||{{abbtip|-caʟ after nasals and obstruents; -chaʟ after liquids and vowels|''[2]c(h)aʟ''}}
|''[0]''||{{abbtip|-caḷ after nasals and obstruents; -chaḷ after liquids and vowels|''[2]c(h)aḷ''}}
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''[1]i'' (''-ae'' after ''i'')||''[2]c(h)aʟi''
|''[1]i'' (''-ae'' after ''i'')||''[2]c(h)aḷi''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''[3]'' + nasal mutation||''[2]c(h)aʟ'' + nasal mutation
|''[3]'' + nasal mutation||''[2]c(h)aḷ'' + nasal mutation
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''[1]ych''||''[2]c(h)aʟych''
|''[1]ych''||''[2]c(h)aḷych''
|-
|-
!|Instrumental
!|Instrumental
|''[1]ol''||''[2]c(h)aʟol''
|''[1]ol''||''[2]c(h)aḷol''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''[1]ynol''||''[2]c(h)aʟynol''
|''[1]ynol''||''[2]c(h)aḷynol''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''[3]yl''||''[2]c(h)aʟyl''
|''[3]yl''||''[2]c(h)aḷyl''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''pawl''||''pawlchaʟ''
|''pawl''||''pawlchaḷ''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''pawli''||''pawlchaʟi''
|''pawli''||''pawlchaḷi''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''pawl'' + nasal mutation||''pawlchaʟ'' + nasal mutation
|''pawl'' + nasal mutation||''pawlchaḷ'' + nasal mutation
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''pawlych''||''pawlchaʟych''
|''pawlych''||''pawlchaḷych''
|-
|-
!|Instrumental
!|Instrumental
|''pawlol''||''pawlchaʟol''
|''pawlol''||''pawlchaḷol''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''pawlynol''||''pawlchaʟynol''
|''pawlynol''||''pawlchaḷynol''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''pawlyl''||''pawlchaʟyl''
|''pawlyl''||''pawlchaḷyl''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''mara''||''mara'''n'''caʟ''
|''mara''||''mara'''n'''caḷ''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''mara'''th'''i''||''marancaʟi''
|''mara'''th'''i''||''marancaḷi''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''mar'''eth''''' + nasal mutation||''marancaʟ'' + nasal mutation
|''mar'''eth''''' + nasal mutation||''marancaḷ'' + nasal mutation
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''marathych''||''marancaʟych''
|''marathych''||''marancaḷych''
|-
|-
!|Instrumental
!|Instrumental
|''marathol''||''marancaʟol''
|''marathol''||''marancaḷol''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''marathynol''||''marancaʟynol''
|''marathynol''||''marancaḷynol''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''marethyl''||''marancaʟyl''
|''marethyl''||''marancaḷyl''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''maga''||''maga'''nc'''aʟ''
|''maga''||''maga'''nc'''aḷ''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''maga'''n'''i''||''magancaʟi''
|''maga'''n'''i''||''magancaḷi''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''mag'''en''''' + nasal mutation||''magancaʟ'' + nasal mutation
|''mag'''en''''' + nasal mutation||''magancaḷ'' + nasal mutation
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''maganych''||''magancaʟych''
|''maganych''||''magancaḷych''
|-
|-
!|Instrumental
!|Instrumental
|''maganol''||''magancaʟol''
|''maganol''||''magancaḷol''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''maganynol''||''magancaʟynol''
|''maganynol''||''magancaḷynol''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''magenyl''||''magancaʟyl''
|''magenyl''||''magancaḷyl''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| ''myᴛhi'' 'egg'
! colspan="3"| ''myṭhi'' 'egg'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''myᴛhi''||''myᴛhichaʟ''
|''myṭhi''||''myṭhichaḷ''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''myᴛhi'''ae'''''||''myᴛhichaʟi''
|''myṭhi'''ae'''''||''myṭhichaḷi''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''myᴛhi'' + nasal mutation||''myᴛhichaʟ'' + nasal mutation
|''myṭhi'' + nasal mutation||''myṭhichaḷ'' + nasal mutation
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''myᴛhich''||''myᴛhichaʟych''
|''myṭhich''||''myṭhichaḷych''
|-
|-
!|Instrumental
!|Instrumental
|''myᴛhiol''||''myᴛhichaʟol''
|''myṭhiol''||''myṭhichaḷol''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''myᴛhinol''||''myᴛhichaʟynol''
|''myṭhinol''||''myṭhichaḷynol''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''myᴛhiyl''||''myᴛhichaʟyl''
|''myṭhiyl''||''myṭhichaḷyl''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="3"| ''gwîᴅ'' 'house'
! colspan="3"| ''gwîḍ'' 'house'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''gwîᴅ''||''gwî'''ᴛh'''caʟ''
|''gwîḍ''||''gwî'''ṭh'''caḷ''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''gwî'''ᴛh'''i''||''gwîᴛhcaʟi''
|''gwî'''ṭh'''i''||''gwîṭhcaḷi''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''gwî'''ᴛh''''' + nasal mutation||''gwîᴛhcaʟ'' + nasal mutation
|''gwî'''ṭh''''' + nasal mutation||''gwîṭhcaḷ'' + nasal mutation
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''gwîᴛhych''||''gwîᴛhcaʟych''
|''gwîṭhych''||''gwîṭhcaḷych''
|-
|-
!|Instrumental
!|Instrumental
|''gwîᴛhol''||''gwîᴛhcaʟol''
|''gwîṭhol''||''gwîṭhcaḷol''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''gwîᴛhynol''||''gwîᴛhcaʟynol''
|''gwîṭhynol''||''gwîṭhcaḷynol''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''gwîᴛhyl''||''gwîᴛhcaʟyl''
|''gwîṭhyl''||''gwîṭhcaḷyl''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-ae''||''-iaʟ''
|''-ae''||''-iaḷ''
|-
|-
!|3.c
!|3.c
|''-or''||''-oʟ''
|''-or''||''-oḷ''
|-
|-
!|3.n
!|3.n
Line 325: Line 325:
*3sg.n: ''nallad; periad''
*3sg.n: ''nallad; periad''
*1pl: ''nallw; periw''
*1pl: ''nallw; periw''
*2pl: ''nalliaʟ, periaʟ''
*2pl: ''nalliaḷ, periaḷ''
*3pl.c: ''nalloʟ, perioʟ''
*3pl.c: ''nalloḷ, perioḷ''
*3pl.n: ''nallan, perian''
*3pl.n: ''nallan, perian''


Line 347: Line 347:
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''sei·b·ae''||''sei·b·iaʟ''
|''sei·b·ae''||''sei·b·iaḷ''
|-
|-
!|3.c
!|3.c
|''sei·b·or''||''sei·b·oʟ''
|''sei·b·or''||''sei·b·oḷ''
|-
|-
!|3.n
!|3.n
Line 366: Line 366:
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''sei·d·ae''||''sei·d·iaʟ''
|''sei·d·ae''||''sei·d·iaḷ''
|-
|-
!|3.c
!|3.c
|''sei·d·or''||''sei·d·oʟ''
|''sei·d·or''||''sei·d·oḷ''
|-
|-
!|3.n
!|3.n

Revision as of 13:17, 23 February 2017


Todo

  • yṇfi = truth
  • nîr = water

Introduction

Tveðo is a Dravidian language spoken in Lõis's Madagascar. It is inspired by Welsh, chemical names and Medh Nghêl.

  • 1-10: ont, rhant, mwnt, nant, aent, awr, êzh, eṭh, ompath, path
  • 20-100: îrffath, mwffath, nawsffath, aeffath, awrffath, êzhffath, eṭhffath, toṇhwr, nwr

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Tveðo consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless mh /m̊/ nh /n̊/ ṇh /ɳ̊/ ngh /ŋ̊/
voiced m /m/ n /n/ ṇ /ɳ/ ng /ŋ/
Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ ṭ /ʈ/ c /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ ḍ /ɖ/ g /g/
Fricative voiceless ph, ff /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ sh, ṭh /ʂ/ ch /χ/ h /h/
voiced f /v/ dd /ð/ z /z/ zh, ḍḍ /ʐ~ɻ/
Liquid voiceless ll /ɬ/ rh /r̥/ ḷḷ /ꞎ/
voiced l /l/ r /r/ ḷ /ɭ/
Approximant w /w/

Vowels

a â ae aw e ê ei i î o ô oe w y

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Tveðo nouns decline in 7 cases and two numbers. The declension system is rather complex as each noun displays several different principal parts and and ending allomorphs also vary based on the noun.

General noun paradigm
Singular Plural
Nominative [0] [2]c(h)aḷ
Accusative [1]i (-ae after i) [2]c(h)aḷi
Genitive [3] + nasal mutation [2]c(h)aḷ + nasal mutation
Dative [1]ych [2]c(h)aḷych
Instrumental [1]ol [2]c(h)aḷol
Ablative [1]ynol [2]c(h)aḷynol
Locative [3]yl [2]c(h)aḷyl

The declension might be best illustrated with example nouns:

pawl 'kind, type'
Singular Plural
Nominative pawl pawlchaḷ
Accusative pawli pawlchaḷi
Genitive pawl + nasal mutation pawlchaḷ + nasal mutation
Dative pawlych pawlchaḷych
Instrumental pawlol pawlchaḷol
Ablative pawlynol pawlchaḷynol
Locative pawlyl pawlchaḷyl


mara 'tree'
Singular Plural
Nominative mara marancaḷ
Accusative marathi marancaḷi
Genitive mareth + nasal mutation marancaḷ + nasal mutation
Dative marathych marancaḷych
Instrumental marathol marancaḷol
Ablative marathynol marancaḷynol
Locative marethyl marancaḷyl


maga 'son'
Singular Plural
Nominative maga magancaḷ
Accusative magani magancaḷi
Genitive magen + nasal mutation magancaḷ + nasal mutation
Dative maganych magancaḷych
Instrumental maganol magancaḷol
Ablative maganynol magancaḷynol
Locative magenyl magancaḷyl


myṭhi 'egg'
Singular Plural
Nominative myṭhi myṭhichaḷ
Accusative myṭhiae myṭhichaḷi
Genitive myṭhi + nasal mutation myṭhichaḷ + nasal mutation
Dative myṭhich myṭhichaḷych
Instrumental myṭhiol myṭhichaḷol
Ablative myṭhinol myṭhichaḷynol
Locative myṭhiyl myṭhichaḷyl


gwîḍ 'house'
Singular Plural
Nominative gwîḍ gwîṭhcaḷ
Accusative gwîṭhi gwîṭhcaḷi
Genitive gwîṭh + nasal mutation gwîṭhcaḷ + nasal mutation
Dative gwîṭhych gwîṭhcaḷych
Instrumental gwîṭhol gwîṭhcaḷol
Ablative gwîṭhynol gwîṭhcaḷynol
Locative gwîṭhyl gwîṭhcaḷyl

Adjectives

Adjectives do not agree with nouns but are conjugated like verbs in predicative position. Attributive adjectives are unmarked.

Examples of attributive adjectives:

  • nall 'good'; peri 'big'; cinh 'small'; pazhae 'old'; pydi 'new'

Conjugation of predicative adjectives (present tense):

Personal endings
Singular Plural
1 -e -w
2 -ae -iaḷ
3.c -or -oḷ
3.n -ad -an

Example:

  • 1sg: nalle; perie
  • 2sg: nallae; periae
  • 3sg.c: nallor; perior
  • 3sg.n: nallad; periad
  • 1pl: nallw; periw
  • 2pl: nalliaḷ, periaḷ
  • 3pl.c: nalloḷ, perioḷ
  • 3pl.n: nallan, perian


Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix -og: nallog 'well', pydiog 'again'.

Verbs

Person and tense suffixes

sei 'do' Non-past
Singular Plural
1 sei·b·e sei·b·w
2 sei·b·ae sei·b·iaḷ
3.c sei·b·or sei·b·oḷ
3.n sei·b·ad sei·b·an
sei 'do' Past
Singular Plural
1 sei·d·e sei·d·w
2 sei·d·ae sei·d·iaḷ
3.c sei·d·or sei·d·oḷ
3.n sei·d·ad sei·d·an

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Ell nabarchaḷ pidantaboḷ caṭhasog mel offonog medyffyl mel ŷrficheḷyl. Awrchaḷ pesoḷ pagythezyw mel yḷḷananfi, mel gwêṇṭ coḷ naḍant orwar orwarych sagwdaren owiyl.

Other resources

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