Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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|+Present indicative
|+Present indicative
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *baisman || *kaφsən
| 1SG || *ʁaisman || *kaφsən
|-
|-
| 2SG || *baismar || *kaφsər
| 2SG || *ʁaismar || *kaφsər
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *baismam || *kaφsəm
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismam || *kaφsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *baismasim || *kaφsəsim
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasim || *kaφsəsim
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *baisma || *kaφs
| 3SG.N || *ʁaisma || *kaφs
|-
|-
| 1EX || *baismamē || *kaφsmē
| 1EX || *ʁaismamē || *kaφsmē
|-
|-
| 1IN || *baismant || *kaφsənt
| 1IN || *ʁaismant || *kaφsənt
|-
|-
| 2PL || *baismaske || *kaφsəske
| 2PL || *ʁaismaske || *kaφsəske
|-
|-
| 3PL || *baismat || *kaφsət
| 3PL || *ʁaismat || *kaφsət
|}
|}
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|+Preterite indicative
|+Preterite indicative
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *baismannem || *keφsənnem
| 1SG || *ʁaismannem || *keφsənnem
|-
|-
| 2SG || *baismarəd || *keφsrəd
| 2SG || *ʁaismarəd || *keφsrəd
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *baismasəm || *keφsəsəm
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismasəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *baismast || *keφsəst
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismast || *keφsəst
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *baismaso || *keφso
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismaso || *keφso
|-
|-
| 1EX || *baismamer || *keφsəmer
| 1EX || *ʁaismamer || *keφsəmer
|-
|-
| 1IN || *baismanter || *keφsənter
| 1IN || *ʁaismanter || *keφsənter
|-
|-
| 2PL || *baismasker || *keφsəsker
| 2PL || *ʁaismasker || *keφsəsker
|-
|-
| 3PL || *baismater || *keφsəter
| 3PL || *ʁaismater || *keφsəter
|}
|}
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|+ Subjunctive
|+ Subjunctive
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *baismanai || *kaφsnai
| 1SG || *ʁaismanai || *kaφsnai
|-
|-
| 2SG || *baismarai || *kaφsrai  
| 2SG || *ʁaismarai || *kaφsrai  
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *baismamewr || *kaφsmewr
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismamewr || *kaφsmewr
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *baismasewr || *kaφsəsewr
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasewr || *kaφsəsewr
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *baismawr || *kaφsewr  
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismawr || *kaφsewr  
|-
|-
| 1EX || *baismamai || *kaφsmai  
| 1EX || *ʁaismamai || *kaφsmai  
|-
|-
| 1IN || *baismantai || *kaφsəntai  
| 1IN || *ʁaismantai || *kaφsəntai  
|-
|-
| 2PL || *baismaskai || *kaφsəskai
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskai || *kaφsəskai
|-
|-
| 3PL || *kaismatewr || *kaφsətewr
| 3PL || *kaismatewr || *kaφsətewr
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|+Imperative
|+Imperative
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 2SG || *baismā! || *kaφsə!
| 2SG || *baismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
|-
| 1IN || *baismantē! || *kaφsəntē!
| 1IN || *ʁaismantē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
|-
| 2PL || *baismaskē! || *kaφsəskē!
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskē! || *kaφsəskē!
|}
|}
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{{col-end}}

Revision as of 04:47, 26 February 2017

Proto-Talmic is the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

  • Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
  • Ejectives become voiced stops:
    • cʼ z > z
    • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
    • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
  • xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
  • ƛ > t
  • Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
  • lenition of p > φ
  • Cluster simplifications
  • tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s *ɬ *h
voiced *ɮ *ʁ *ʁʷ
Resonant *r *l *j *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

  • *a > o > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *ə > e > e
  • *i > i > i
  • *u > u > u
  • *ay > oi > ȳ
  • *əy > ai > ae
  • *iy > ei > ē
  • *uy > ui > ui
  • *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
  • *aw > ou > ao
  • *əw > eu > iō
  • *iw > iu > iū
  • *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
  • *uw > ou > ao
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co > Co
  • *Cx > Cə > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au > ao
  • *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > eu > iō
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
  • *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Verbs

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaisman *kaφsən
2SG *ʁaismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *ʁaismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁaisma *kaφs
1EX *ʁaismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *ʁaismant *kaφsənt
2PL *ʁaismaske *kaφsəske
3PL *ʁaismat *kaφsət

Preterite indicative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *ʁaismarəd *keφsrəd
3SG.M *ʁaismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *ʁaismaso *keφso
1EX *ʁaismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *ʁaismanter *keφsənter
2PL *ʁaismasker *keφsəsker
3PL *ʁaismater *keφsəter

Subjunctive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismanai *kaφsnai
2SG *ʁaismarai *kaφsrai
3SG.M *ʁaismamewr *kaφsmewr
3SG.F *ʁaismasewr *kaφsəsewr
3SG.N *ʁaismawr *kaφsewr
1EX *ʁaismamai *kaφsmai
1IN *ʁaismantai *kaφsəntai
2PL *ʁaismaskai *kaφsəskai
3PL *kaismatewr *kaφsətewr

Imperative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG *baismā! *kaφsə!
1IN *ʁaismantē! *kaφsəntē!
2PL *ʁaismaskē! *kaφsəskē!


Syntax

  • *-is = emphatic particle
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