Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δȳrom'' - 'bird'
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''ɮoirom'' - 'bird'
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
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|-
|-
!|Construct
!|Construct
|''δȳrot''||''δȳrinnət''
|''ɮoirot''||''ɮoirinnət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''δȳrōn''||''δȳroryn''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''δȳrossi''||''δȳroressi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''δȳrossy''||''δȳroressy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''δȳrō''||''δȳrory''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''δȳrī''||''δȳrorī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''δȳra''||''δȳrora''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''δȳrommo''||''δȳrorammo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''δȳront''||''δȳrorynt''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''δȳrocca''||''δȳrorecca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''δȳrōr''||''δȳrorōr''
|}
|}


Revision as of 08:29, 26 February 2017

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

  • Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
  • Ejectives become voiced stops:
    • cʼ z > z
    • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
    • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
  • xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
  • ƛ > t
  • Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
  • lenition of p > φ
  • Cluster simplifications
  • tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s *ɬ *h
voiced *ɮ *ʁ *ʁʷ
Resonant *r *l *j *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

  • *a > o > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *ə > e > e
  • *i > i > i
  • *u > u > u
  • *ay > oi > ȳ
  • *əy > ai > ae
  • *iy > ei > ē
  • *uy > ui > ui
  • *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
  • *aw > ow > ao
  • *əw > ew > iō
  • *iw > iw > iū
  • *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
  • *uw > ou > ao
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co > Co
  • *Cx > Cə > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
  • *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew > iō
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
  • *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

ɮoirom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite ɮoirom ɮeɮoirom ɮoirīs
Definite ɮoirai ɮeɮoirai ɮoirinnə


Possessed forms of ɮoirom - 'bird'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct ɮoirot ɮoirinnət

Feminine nouns

gʷondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gʷondā gegʷondā gʷondār
Definite gʷondām gegʷondām gʷondās


Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct gʷondat gʷondāsat
1sg possessor gʷondan gʷondasan
2sg.m possessor gʷondassi gʷondasassi
2sg.f possessor gʷondassiu gʷondasassiu
3sg.m possessor gʷondatiu gʷondasiu
3sg.f possessor gʷondatī gʷondasī
3sg.n possessor gʷondata gʷondasa
1exc possessor gʷondasmə gʷondasasmə
1inc possessor gʷondaswi gʷondasaswi
2pl possessor gʷondaka gʷondaseka
3pl possessor gʷondatōr gʷondasōr

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tektəs tetektəs tektəen
Definite tektəes tetektəes tektəer


Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct tektət tektəerət
1sg possessor tektən tektəerən
2sg.m possessor tektəssi tektəerəssi
2sg.f possessor tektəssiu tektəerəssiu
3sg.m possessor tektiu tektəeriu
3sg.f possessor tektī tektəerī
3sg.n possessor tektəta tektəerta
1exc possessor tektəsmo tektəersmo
1inc possessor tektəswi tektəerswi
2pl possessor tektəka tektəerka
3pl possessor tektōr tektəerōr


jenaqs 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenaqs jenenaqs
Definite jenaqes jenenaqes


stuφs 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite stuφs stetuφs
Definite stuφes stetuφes

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 ni- mē-
1 + 2 - ɬē-
2 ti- sē-
3 bi- nē-

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaisman *kaφsən
2SG *ʁaismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *ʁaismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁaisma *kaφs
1EX *ʁaismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *ʁaismant *kaφsənt
2PL *ʁaismaske *kaφsəske
3PL *ʁaismat *kaφsət

Preterite indicative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *ʁaismarəg *keφsrəg
3SG.M *ʁaismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *ʁaismaso *keφso
1EX *ʁaismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *ʁaismanter *keφsənter
2PL *ʁaismasker *keφsəsker
3PL *ʁaismater *keφsəter

Subjunctive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismanai *kaφsnai
2SG *ʁaismarai *kaφsrai
3SG.M *ʁaismamewr *kaφsmewr
3SG.F *ʁaismasewr *kaφsəsewr
3SG.N *ʁaismawr *kaφsewr
1EX *ʁaismamai *kaφsmai
1IN *ʁaismantai *kaφsəntai
2PL *ʁaismaskai *kaφsəskai
3PL *kaismatewr *kaφsətewr

Imperative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG *ʁaismā! *kaφsə!
1IN *ʁaismantē! *kaφsəntē!
2PL *ʁaismaskē! *kaφsəskē!


Syntax

  • *-is = emphatic particle
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