Roshterian: Difference between revisions
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Roshterian is a head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes (this occurs in Thensarian as well). | Roshterian is a head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes (this occurs in Thensarian and other Quihum languages as well). | ||
:'''''Tiraḏan.''''' | :'''''Tiraḏan.''''' | ||
Revision as of 23:42, 6 March 2017
Roshterian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (native name: eṟbiros̱ṯerim /ɛɻbɪrɔʂʈɛˈrɪm/ 'The Roshterian language', ros̱ṯer from older *rosker- 'front, east') is a Talmic language spoken in Northeastern Cuadhlabh, inspired partly by Welsh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
Todo
- Suffixed copula for predicatives.
- caanu 'wife'
- ooxus /oːˈɬus/ 'wave'
- roṉḏ, roṉḏo- /rɔɳɖ/ = man (male) (*rondwom?)
- breit, breity- /brɛɪt/ (< bondi-teit 'AGT-child') = woman
- bo- = profession
- bopenicili-, bopenicili /bopɛnikiˈli/ = penicillin player
- nys̱-, henys̱ /hɛˈnəʂ/ = water, liquid
- nys̱ṉoq = sauce (noqa-, noq = 'top')
- nys̱oox̱i = fruit juice
- viip = eye
- nys̱viip = tears
- qeqeqeqeqe... = (laughter or snickering)
- hox̱i-, hoox̱i = fruit
- qaaṟan = laugh
Numbers
TODO: Combining forms, ordinals, distributives
- 1: peem
- 2: tixu
- 3: naṟg
- 4: loob
- 5: helix, lix-
- 6: ṯiam
- 7: ruad
- 8: lored
- 9: baṟ
- 10: ḡir
- 11: hunais
- 12: nais
Phonology
Among Talmic languages, Roshterian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | ṉ /ɳ/ | [ŋ] | [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ṯ /ʈ/ | c /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ḏ /ɖ/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Continuant | voiceless | f /f/ | s /s̪/ | x /ɬ/ | s̱ /ʂ/ | x̱ /ɬʵ/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | r /r~ɽ/ | l /l/ | ṟ /ʐ~ɻ/ | ḻ /ɭ/ | ḡ /ʁ/ | |||
Northeastern dialects fail to distinguish /ɭ/ from /ɻ/.
Vowels
ɪ i: ʊ u: ɛ e: ə ə: ɔ o: a a: aɪ ɛɪ iə ɛʊ uə ɔɪ ɪʊ
⟨i i u uu e ee y yy o oo a aa ai ei ia au ua oi iu⟩
Stress
There is no phonemic stress; however, all words are pronounced with weak word-final stress.
Phonotactics
Roshterian allows relatively few clusters compared to e.g. Thensarian, but more clusters than Nurian.
Allowed clusters:
- Not allowed initially: mp, mb, nt, nd, ṉṯ, ṉḏ, nc, ng, nq, nḡ, lp, lt, lc, lq, lb, ld, lg, lḡ, rp, rt, ṟṯ, rc, rq, rb, rd, rg, rgh, st, s̱ṯ, sv, s̱q, ṟb, ṟḏ, ṟg?
- Allowed initially: pl, pr, bl, br, tr, ṯr, dr, (ḏr), ts, tx, tx̱, cl, cr, gl, gr
Sandhi
Sound changes
The most significant changes characterizing Roshterian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters, often creating retroflex consonants.
- *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > ii
- *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > s̱; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > ṟ
- ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > ṟelin 'half'
- *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > ṉ, ṯ, ḏ, s̱, x̱, ḻ, ṟ /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
- gʷałwā > bax̱i 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
- *sl-, sm-, sn- > ḻ-, m-, ṉ-
- *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > s̱-, ṟ-, s̱-
- *st, sk, skʷ, sq > t-/st, ṯ-/s̱ṯ-, v-/sv-, q-/s̱q
- stas- > tetsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
- skəttā > ṯyyti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
- *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
- *sb, sd, sg > ṟb, ṟdh, ṟg
- *nasg- > naṟg '3'
- *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
- łnāgin > txiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
- oφlutsus > ooxus 'wave'
- *kt, qt > /jt, ːʈ/
- *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
- *neqtə > neeṯ /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
- *ks, qs > /js, ːʂ/
- *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
- sφugnus > s̱uun 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
- leqnos > leeṉ 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
- qrīdis > ṟiid 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
- *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt s ts ḡ
- *φ-, j-, s- > h-
- *skj, stj > ṯ-/s̱ṯ, s-/ːs
- final short vowels lost; final -m, -r, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)
- i-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
- a > e
- Stress shifts to final
- Some combining forms and combined forms are altered due to the stress shift - conjunct forms for verbs arise when there is an antepenultimate syllable
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike in Thensarian and its descendants, the Proto-Talmic grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in Naquian).
Nouns may end in a consonant, i, e or u.
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters.
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Verbs
Evidentiality/Discourse affixes
Object incorporation
Verbs often change form when used with incorporated objects.
hoox̱iis̱yn 'eat fruit' < hoox̱i 'fruit' + caasyn 'eat'
Object affixes
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ni- | mi- |
| 1 + 2 | - | xi- |
| 2 | ti- | hi- |
| 3 | bi- | ne- |
Subject+TAM affixes
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Voice affixes
- -ron = passive suffix
- -stan = causative suffix
Syntax
Roshterian is a head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes (this occurs in Thensarian and other Quihum languages as well).
- Tiraḏan.
- /t̪ɪraˈɖan/
- ti-radda-n
- 2SG.OBJ-love-1SG.SUBJ
- I love you.