Roshterian: Difference between revisions
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*''pyn-'': hearsay | *''pyn-'': hearsay | ||
*''qil-'': a third-party source accepted as authoritative by the speaker | *''qil-'': a third-party source accepted as authoritative by the speaker | ||
*'' | *''mei-'': the speaker's own inference or assumption | ||
====Object incorporation==== | ====Object incorporation==== | ||
Revision as of 00:16, 7 March 2017
Roshterian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (native name: eṟbiros̱ṯerim /ɛɻbɪrɔʂʈɛˈrɪm/ 'The Roshterian language', ros̱ṯer from older *rosker- 'front, east') is a Talmic language spoken in Northeastern Cuadhlabh, inspired partly by Welsh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, evidentials, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
Todo
- Suffixed copula for predicatives.
- caanu 'wife'
- ooxus /oːˈɬus/ 'wave'
- roṉḏ, roṉḏo- /rɔɳɖ/ = man (male) (*rondwom?)
- breit, breity- /brɛɪt/ (< bondi-teit 'AGT-child') = woman
- bo- = profession
- bopenicili-, bopenicili /bopɛnikiˈli/ = penicillin player
- nys̱-, henys̱ /hɛˈnəʂ/ = water, liquid
- nys̱ṉoq = sauce (noqa-, noq = 'top')
- nys̱oox̱i = fruit juice
- viip = eye
- nys̱viip = tears
- qeqeqeqeqe... = (laughter or snickering)
- hox̱i-, hoox̱i = fruit
- qaaṟan = laugh
Numbers
TODO: Combining forms, ordinals, distributives
- 1: peem
- 2: tixu
- 3: naṟg
- 4: loob
- 5: helix, lix-
- 6: ṯiam
- 7: ruad
- 8: lored
- 9: baṟ
- 10: ḡir
- 11: hunais
- 12: nais
Phonology
Among Talmic languages, Roshterian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | ṉ /ɳ/ | [ŋ] | [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ṯ /ʈ/ | c /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ḏ /ɖ/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Continuant | voiceless | f /f/ | s /s̪/ | x /ɬ/ | s̱ /ʂ/ | x̱ /ɬʵ/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | r /r~ɽ/ | l /l/ | ṟ /ʐ~ɻ/ | ḻ /ɭ/ | ḡ /ʁ/ | |||
Northeastern dialects fail to distinguish /ɭ/ from /ɻ/.
Vowels
ɪ i: ʊ u: ɛ e: ə ə: ɔ o: a a: aɪ ɛɪ iə ɛʊ uə ɔɪ ɪʊ
⟨i i u uu e ee y yy o oo a aa ai ei ia au ua oi iu⟩
Stress
There is no phonemic stress; however, all words are pronounced with weak word-final stress.
Phonotactics
Roshterian allows relatively few clusters compared to e.g. Thensarian, but more clusters than Nurian.
Allowed clusters:
- Not allowed initially: mp, mb, nt, nd, ṉṯ, ṉḏ, nc, ng, nq, nḡ, lp, lt, lc, lq, lb, ld, lg, lḡ, rp, rt, ṟṯ, rc, rq, rb, rd, rg, rgh, st, s̱ṯ, sv, s̱q, ṟb, ṟḏ, ṟg?
- Allowed initially: pl, pr, bl, br, tr, ṯr, dr, (ḏr), ts, tx, tx̱, cl, cr, gl, gr
Sandhi
Sound changes
The most significant changes characterizing Roshterian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters, often creating retroflex consonants.
- *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > ii
- *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > s̱; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > ṟ
- ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > ṟelin 'half'
- *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > ṉ, ṯ, ḏ, s̱, x̱, ḻ, ṟ /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
- gʷałwā > bax̱i 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
- *sl-, sm-, sn- > ḻ-, m-, ṉ-
- *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > s̱-, ṟ-, s̱-
- *st, sk, skʷ, sq > t-/st, ṯ-/s̱ṯ-, v-/sv-, q-/s̱q
- stas- > tetsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
- skəttā > ṯyyti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
- *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
- *sb, sd, sg > ṟb, ṟdh, ṟg
- *nasg- > naṟg '3'
- *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
- łnāgin > txiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
- oφlutsus > ooxus 'wave'
- *kt, qt > /jt, ːʈ/
- *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
- *neqtə > neeṯ /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
- *ks, qs > /js, ːʂ/
- *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
- sφugnus > s̱uun 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
- leqnos > leeṉ 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
- qrīdis > ṟiid 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
- *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt s ts ḡ
- *φ-, j-, s- > h-
- *skj, stj > ṯ-/s̱ṯ, s-/ːs
- final short vowels lost; final -m, -r, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)
- i-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
- a > e
- Stress shifts to final
- Some combining forms and combined forms are altered due to the stress shift - conjunct forms for verbs arise when there is an antepenultimate syllable
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike in Thensarian and its descendants, the Proto-Talmic grammatical gender was lost; gendered pronouns and verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in Naquian).
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters.
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Verbs
Evidentiality/Discourse affixes
Evidentials mark the source of the speaker's information.
- to-: visual or other direct experience
- pyn-: hearsay
- qil-: a third-party source accepted as authoritative by the speaker
- mei-: the speaker's own inference or assumption
Object incorporation
Verbs often change form when used with incorporated objects.
hoox̱iis̱yn 'eat fruit' < hoox̱i 'fruit' + caasyn 'eat'
Object affixes
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ni- | mi- |
| 1 + 2 | - | xi- |
| 2 | ti- | hi- |
| 3 | bi- | ne- |
Subject+TAM affixes
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Voice affixes
- -ron = passive suffix
- -stan = causative suffix
Syntax
Roshterian is a head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes (bipersonality occurs in Thensarian and other Quihum languages as well). Complex morphophonemic alternations are common, reminiscent of Old Tíogall or Old Irish. Where Roshterian deviates from the Cuadhlabh (or even Talmic) typology are features such as obviation, noun incorporation and evidential marking, making Roshterian resemble Native American languages such as Blackfoot or Ojibwe.
- Tiraḏan.
- /t̪ɪraˈɖan/
- ti-radda-n
- 2SG.OBJ-love-1SG.SUBJ
- I love you.