Qino: Difference between revisions
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====Adjectival Conjugation==== | ====Adjectival Conjugation==== | ||
This used for adjectives and a few stative verbs. The citation form is the 3SM present affirmative. They all have a suffix/prefix conjugation counterpart that is used inchoatively. Example: ''cáse'' "red" (inchoative: '' | This used for adjectives and a few stative verbs. The citation form is the 3SM present affirmative. They all have a suffix/prefix conjugation counterpart that is used inchoatively. Example: ''cáse'' "red" (inchoative: ''casoóni'' "to become red"). For the infinitive, passive participle, and imperatives/jussives, use the inchoative forms. | ||
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Revision as of 13:15, 29 April 2017
Qino (native: Qino afka /ɠíno afka/) is a Cushitic conlang.
Introduction
Qino is a Cushitic language. The phonology is largely inspired by Hadda. The syntax and verbal morphology are most similar to Saho-Afar.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Case
Nouns (and pronouns) are declined by case.
- Absolutive: Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects.
- Nominative: Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows:
- Absolutive ending in consonant, -a, or -o: -ú - e.g. nama "person" → namú
- Absolutive ending in -e or -i: -í - e.g. shimmírti "bird (sing.)" → shimmirtí
- Absolutive ending in a long vowel or -á: -n
- Genitive: Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions.
- Absolutive ending in consonant or -a: –́ i - e.g. nama → námi
- Absolutive ending in other vowel: penultimate high tone - e.g. qino → qíno
- Dative: Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose ("to" or "for").
- Absolutive ending in consonant or -a: -oó - e.g. nama → namoó
- Absolutive ending in other short vowel: lengthen final vowel + final high tone - e.g. shimmírti → shimmirtií
- Absolutive ending in long vowel: -wo
- Independent form: oó
- Ablative: Used for source ("from").
- Absolutive ending in consonant: -áh
- Absolutive ending in vowel: –́ h
- Independent form: áh
- Instrumental: Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time.
- Absolutive ending in consonant: -ás
- Absolutive ending in vowel: –́ s
- Independent form: ás
- Comitative: Used for accompaniment ("in company with").
- Absolutive ending in consonant: -ál
- Absolutive ending in vowel: –́ l
- Independent form: ál
- Locative: Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used.
- Absolutive ending in consonant: -ád
- Absolutive ending in vowel: –́ d
- Independent form: ád
Number
The citation form is unmarked for number. The singulative is formed with suffixes such as -sha, -ha, -ka, -iccha, -ta (masculine) or -ti, -itti (feminine). The plural is formed with suffixes such as -oota, -ani, -aani, -ooni, -ooCi, etc.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Absolutive | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Ablative | Instrumental | Comitative | Locative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | ana | anú | kiisha | kiíshi | kiishoó | kiisháh | kiishás | kiishál | kiishád |
2SM | ata | atú | kaaha | kaáhi | kaahoó | kaaháh | kaahás | kaahál | kaahád |
2SF | ati | atí | taati | taáti | taatií | taatíh | taatís | taatíl | taatíd |
3SM | usa | usú | keesha | keéshi | keeshoó | keesháh | keeshás | keeshál | keeshád |
3SF | ishi | ishí | teeti | teéti | teetií | teetíh | teetís | teetíl | teetíd |
1Ex | una | unú | keena | keéni | keennoó | keenáh | keenás | keenál | keenád |
1Inc | anáni | ananí | kiina | kiíni | kiinoó | kiináh | kiinás | kiinál | kiinád |
2P | atáni | ataní | siina | siíni | siinoó | siináh | siinás | siinál | siinád |
3P | isáni | isaní | koota | koóti | kootií | kootíh | kootís | kootíl | kootíd |
Subject | Accusative 1 | Accusative 2 | Dative | Ablative | Instrumental | Comitative | Locative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | an | yi | kii | yoó | yáh | yás | yál | yád |
2SM | at | ku | kaa | kuú | kúh | kús | kúl | kúd |
2SF | at | tu | taa | tuú | túh | tús | túl | túd |
3SM | us | ka | keesh | koó | káh | kás | kál | kád |
3SF | ish | ta | teet | toó | táh | tás | tál | tád |
1Ex | un | na | keen | noó | náh | nás | nál | nád |
1Inc | anan | yin | kiin | yinoó | yináh | yinás | yinál | yinád |
2P | atan | sin | siin | sinoó | sináh | sinás | sinál | sinád |
3P | isan | tin | koot | tinoó | tináh | tinás | tinál | tinád |
REF | – | ís | – | isoó | isáh | isás | isál | isád |
REC | – | ol | – | oloó | oláh | olás | olál | olád |
Notes:
- When there is one accusative object pronoun, either the "accusative 1" or "accusative 2" forms can be used. When there are multiple clitic objects, the final one takes the "accusative 2" form and the rest the "accusative 1" form.
- Third person clitic pronouns are often omitted. When the this occurs in oblique cases, the corresponding free postposition forms are used (oó, ák, ás, ál, and ád respectively).
Verbs
Suffix Conjugation
Most consonant-initial verbs fall into this category. Example: sheeníni "to bring".
Infinitive | -íni | sheeníni | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Participle | -áa | sheenáa | ||||||||||
Passive Participle1 | -án- | sheenán- | ||||||||||
Present Affirmative | Present Subordinate | Past Affirmative | Past Negative | Jussive/Imperative Aff. | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | |||||||
1S | -á | sheená | -ó | sheenó | -é | sheené | -íne | sheeníne | -́u | sheénu | -ínu | sheenínu |
2S | -tá | sheentá | -tó | sheentó | -té | sheenté | -ínte | sheenínte | -́u | sheénu | -ínu | sheenínu |
3SM | -á | sheená | -ó | sheenó | -é | sheené | -íne | sheeníne | -́u | sheénu | -ínu | sheenínu |
3SF | -tá | sheentá | -tó | sheentó | -té | sheenté | -ínte | sheenínte | -́tu | sheéntu | -íntu | sheeníntu |
1P | -ná | sheenná | -nó | sheennó | -né | sheenné | -ínne | sheenínne | -́nu | sheénnu | -ínnu | sheenínnu |
2P | -taána | sheentaána | -toóna | sheentoóna | -teéni | sheenteéni | -inteéni | sheeninteéni | -́aa | sheénaa | -ínaa | sheenínaa |
3P | -aána | sheenaána | -oóna | sheenoóna | -eéni | sheeneéni | -ineéni | sheenineéni | -́aa | sheénaa | -ínaa | sheenínaa |
Notes:
1 Conjugates as an adjective.
2 -t- and -n- are affected by sandhi.
Prefix Conjugation
Vowel-initial verbs. Example verb: arkíni "to see".
Infinitive | -íni | arkíni | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Participle | -áa | arkáa | ||||||||||
Passive Participle | -án- | arkán- | ||||||||||
Present Affirmative | Present Subordinate | Past Affirmative | Past Negative | Jussive/Imperative Aff. | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | |||||||
1S | -á | arká | -ó | arkó | -é | arké | -íne | arkíne | -́u | árku | -ínu | arkínu |
2S | t-á | tarká | t-ó | tarkó | t-é | tarké | t-íne | tarkíne | -́u | árku | -ínu | arkínu |
3SM | y-á | yarká | y-ó | yarkó | y-é | yarké | y-íne | yarkíne | y-́u | yárku | y-ínu | yarkínu |
3SF | t-á | tarká | t-ó | tarkó | t-é | tarké | t-íne | tarkíne | t-́u | tárku | t-ínu | tarkínu |
1P | n-á | narká | n-ó | narkó | n-é | narké | n-íne | narkíne | n-́u | nárku | n-ínu | narkínu |
2P | t-aána | tarkaána | t-oóna | tarkoóna | t-eéni | tarkeéni | t-ineéni | tarkineéni | -́aa | árkaa | -ínaa | arkínaa |
3P | y-aána | yarkaána | y-oóna | yarkoóna | y-eéni | yarkeéni | y-ineéni | yarkineéni | y-́aa | yárkaa | y-ínaa | yarkínaa |
Adjectival Conjugation
This used for adjectives and a few stative verbs. The citation form is the 3SM present affirmative. They all have a suffix/prefix conjugation counterpart that is used inchoatively. Example: cáse "red" (inchoative: casoóni "to become red"). For the infinitive, passive participle, and imperatives/jussives, use the inchoative forms.
Active Participle | -íi | casíi | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present Affirmative | Present Negative | Past Affirmative | Past Negative | |||||
1S | -́iye | cásiye | -íye | casíye | -íishe | casíishe | -iishé | casiishé |
2S | -́ite | cásite | -íte | casíte | -íishte | casíishte | -iishté | casiishté |
3SM | -́e | cáse | -é | casé | -íishe | casíishe | -iishé | casiishé |
3SF | -́e | cáse | -é | casé | -íishte | casíishte | -iishté | casiishté |
1P | -́ine | cásine | -íne | casíne | -íishne | casíishne | -iishné | casiishné |
2P | -́itiini | cásitiini | -itiíni | casitiíni | -íishtiini | casíishtiini | -iishtiíni | casiishtiíni |
3P | -́iini | cásiini | -iíni | casiíni | -íishiini | casíishiini | -iishiíni | casiishiíni |
Syntax
Constituent order
SOV
Noun phrase
- Modifiers come before the noun being modified.
- Case endings and postpositions come at the end of a noun phrase, which often ends in a noun but may not. If it does not end in a noun, independent forms are used.