Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation	[/θensaːrimem/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of most living Talmic languages, including Tíogall and Nurian. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, and grammatically by Semitic, Ancient Greek and Native American languages. Important texts in Thensarian include ancient Talmic sagas and some early scientific texts.

Todo

Explain those clusters from PQ clusters

• ȝastranis = 'laugh'
• gīθonis = 'fall'

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Proto-Talmic.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 18 consonants (only two more than Phormatolidin).

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			[ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless		t /t/			c /k/	[ʡ]
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	φ /φ/	θ /θ/	s /s/			ħ /ħ/	h /h/
	voiced		δ /ð/	[z]			ȝ /ʕ/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		v /ʋ/	l /l/		j /j/

Notes

• Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated in syllable onsets but are unaspirated after /s/. They're always unaspirated in certain areas.
• [ŋ] occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velars /k, g/.
• /r/ is an alveolar trill [r] or tap [ɾ].
• /l/ is dental [l̪].
• [z] occurs as an allophone of /s/ in /sb, sd, sg/.
• /ʕ/ is either a radical plosive [ʡ] or a radical approximant [ʕ]. The first realization is more common word-initially.

Vowels

Tigol/Proto-Tigol had a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ÿ/	ȳ /ÿː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ē /eː/			o /ɔ/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes

• /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].

Stress

Stress is word-initial, ignoring some unstressed prefixes such as pronominal object prefixes.

Phonotactics

Allowed clusters

• R = resonant X = obstruent
• Clusters allowed word-initially are in bold.

Geminates

• mm nn ll rr φφ tt cc ss θθ

RR

• mn mr nl nv lm ln lv rl rm rn rv vl vr

RX

• mφ nt nθ ns nc nħ
• mb nd nδ ng nȝ
• lφ lb lt ld ls lc lg lȝ lħ
• rφ rb rt rd rs rθ rδ rc rg rȝ rħ

XR

• φn bn tn θn cn gn ȝn ħn
• sm sn sl sr sv
• φl bl tl dl cl gl ȝl ħl
• φr br tr dr θr δr cr gr ȝr ħr

XX

• sφ st sc sȝ sb sd sg
• cs ct ħs ħt

XXR

• sφr str scl scr sȝl sȝr

Phonological diachronics

Consonant correspondences

• b < PQ pʼ, b
• φ < PQ p
• t < PQ t, ƛ
• d < PQ tʼ, d
• θ < PQ ł
• δ < PQ ƛʼ
• s < PQ s, c, cʼ?
• c < PQ k, kʷ
• g < PQ kʼ, g
• ȝ < PQ q, qʷ, ɢ, ɢʷ
• ħ < PQ qʼ, qʷʼ
• h < PQ h
• m < PQ m, mʼ
• n < PQ n
• l < PQ l, λ
• r < PQ z, nʼ, lʼ, yʼ, cʼ
• v < PQ w, wʼ
• j < PQ y

Cluster resolution

• tp, tb, tk, tg > rφ, rb, rc, rg

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

• *a > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō
• *ə > e
• *i > i
• *u > u
• *ay > ȳ
• *əy > ae
• *uy > ui
• *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
• *aw > ao
• *əw > iō
• *iw > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uw > ū
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co
• *Cx > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē
  • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao
• *ix̌ʷ > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eā
• *iy(ə)x > iē

Orthography

Alphabetical order: R D I A Ħ Φ M L G C H B S V O J Ȝ Δ Y T N Θ E U

Morphology

Main article: Thensarian/Morphology

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Dependent clauses

Sequences of tenses are important in Thensarian grammar.