Literature talk:Be prepared: Difference between revisions

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===Nouns===
===Nouns===


Nouns inflect for definiteness and state (absolute/construct) and may include possessive affixes. A sample noun:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''paṇoba'' "writer" !! !! Singular possessor !! Plural possessor
|-
|colspan=2| Indefinite
|colspan=2| paṇoba
|-
|colspan=2| Definite
|colspan=2| paṇobahe
|-
|rowspan=3|Construct
|1st person || paṇabora || paṇabaroṇa
|-
|2nd person || paṇaboda || paṇabadoṇa
|-
|3rd person
|colspan=2 | paṇaba
|}


Nouns typically fall into three ablaut patterns: a-type, e-type and o-type. ''Paṇoba'' is an o-type noun, where the o becomes an a in the construct state.
* ''homa'' (legume) → ''hama''
In e-type nouns, the e in the noun becomes an a, but the preceding vowel shifts: a becomes i, ā becomes e, and ō becomes a. If the only vowel in the noun is e, ...
[to add later]


===Verbs===
===Verbs===


Verbs inflect for aspect, number and transitivity, but not tense.
Pandoga verbs come in many binyanim: [list]


There are seven binyanim in Pandoga, as in Hebrew:
Each binyan has a conjugated form for the perfective aspect, active and passive participles, a conjunctive and a verbal noun. Verbs


* PaRoHa = active simple
==Syntax==
* PaReHa = active intensive
Unlike most Semitic languages, Pandoga is head-final and SVO (though SOV is also permissible).
* camaPRoHa = active causative
* kaPaRHoṇa = reflexive
* PiRHota = passive causative
* malaPReHa = passive intensive
* maPReHa = passive simple


The formant "m" in the active causative and passive simple forms turns into an "n" when the next consonant is labial, so the actual forms are "canaproha" and "napreha".
The verb forms in the active simple binyan are as follows:
* Imperfect participial form: ''paroha'' (singular), ''caparoha'' (plural)
* Perfect participial form: ''parahota'' (singular), ''caprahota'' (plural)
The word "and" is a clitic: ''tala-''.
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===

Revision as of 15:53, 23 May 2017

Pandoga is a triconsonantal language with an Indic aesthetic.


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

There are 22 consonants in Pandoga (as in Hebrew!)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless stop p /p/ t /t̪/ /ʈ/ c /c/ k /k/
Voiced stop b /b/ d /d̪/ /ɖ/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪/ /ɳ/
Fricative s /s/ /ʂ/ h /h/
Voiced fricative z /z/
Approximant v /ʋ/ y /j/
Lateral l /l/ /ɺ̢/
Trill r /r/

Vowels

Pandoga has an unusual 5 vowel system:

Romanization IPA
a /ɐ/
ā /a:/
e /e:/
i /i/
o /o:/

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Pandoga uses roots consisting of three consonants. An example is P-Ṇ-B 'to write':

  • paṇoba = writer
  • paṇabeti =
  • capṇaboti =

Nouns

Verbs

Pandoga verbs come in many binyanim: [list]

Each binyan has a conjugated form for the perfective aspect, active and passive participles, a conjunctive and a verbal noun. Verbs

Syntax

Unlike most Semitic languages, Pandoga is head-final and SVO (though SOV is also permissible).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources