Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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# Proto-Quihum had a gender system of common and neuter genders, and also had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
# Proto-Quihum had a gender system of common and neuter genders, and also had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
# In Pre-Talmic, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
# In Pre-Talmic, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
# The word for "lady" became the normal word for "woman" (like how ''Frau'' became the normal word for woman in German).
# The word for "lady", ''kamynas'', became the normal word for "woman" (like how ''Frau'' became the normal word for woman in German).
# Thus, the former honorific agreement analogized to all women.
# Thus, the former honorific agreement analogized to all women.
====Masculine nouns====
====Masculine nouns====

Revision as of 23:23, 30 May 2017

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Rostherian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Diachronics

Wackernagel's Law?

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

  • Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
  • y > h? (get PTal *j from other sources)
  • Ejectives become voiced stops:
    • cʼ z > z
    • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
    • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
  • xʷ > w (at least word initially before a vowel; also in Proto-Pfeunic)
  • ƛ > t
  • Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
  • lenition of p > φ
  • Cluster simplifications
  • tk, tq > rk, rq
  • pt-, kt-, qt- > φl-, kl-, ql-

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *ʁʷ
Resonant *l *r *j *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

  • *a > o > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *ə > e > e
  • *i > i > i
  • *u > u > u
  • *ay > oi > ȳ
  • *əy > ai > ae
  • *iy > ei > ē
  • *uy > ui > ui
  • *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
  • *aw > ow > ao
  • *əw > ew >
  • *iw > iw >
  • *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
  • *uw > ou > ao
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co > Co
  • *Cx > Cə > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
  • *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew >
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija >
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja >
  • *iy(ə)x > ije >

Morphology

Proto-Talmic needs "ingredients" for Roshterian polysynthesis.

Nouns

Proto-Talmic has innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine, feminine, and neuter genders:

  1. Proto-Quihum had a gender system of common and neuter genders, and also had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
  2. In Pre-Talmic, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
  3. The word for "lady", kamynas, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau became the normal word for woman in German).
  4. Thus, the former honorific agreement analogized to all women.

Masculine nouns

(Just one paradigm)

ɮoirom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite ɮoirom ɮeɮoirom ɮoirīs
Definite ɮoirai ɮeɮoirai ɮoirinnə


Possessed forms of ɮoirom - 'bird'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct ɮoirot ɮoirinnət
1sg possessor ɮoiron ɮoirinnən
2sg.m possessor ɮoirossi ɮoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor ɮoirossiu ɮoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor ɮoirotiu ɮoirinniu
3sg.f possessor ɮoirotī ɮoirinnī
3sg.n possessor ɮoirota ɮoirinna
1exc possessor ɮoirosmə ɮoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor ɮoiroswi ɮoirinnəswi
2pl possessor ɮoiroka ɮoirinnəka
3pl possessor ɮoirotōr ɮoirinnətōr

Feminine nouns

gʷondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gʷondā gegʷondā gʷondār
Definite gʷondām gegʷondām gʷondās


Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct gʷondat gʷondāsat
1sg possessor gʷondan gʷondasan
2sg.m possessor gʷondassi gʷondasassi
2sg.f possessor gʷondassiu gʷondasassiu
3sg.m possessor gʷondatiu gʷondasiu
3sg.f possessor gʷondatī gʷondasī
3sg.n possessor gʷondata gʷondasa
1exc possessor gʷondasmə gʷondasasmə
1inc possessor gʷondaswi gʷondasaswi
2pl possessor gʷondaka gʷondaseka
3pl possessor gʷondatōr gʷondasōr

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tektəs tetektəs tektəen
Definite tektəes tetektəes tektəer


Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct tektət tektəerət
1sg possessor tektən tektəerən
2sg.m possessor tektəssi tektəerəssi
2sg.f possessor tektəssiu tektəerəssiu
3sg.m possessor tektiu tektəeriu
3sg.f possessor tektī tektəerī
3sg.n possessor tektəta tektəera
1exc possessor tektəsmo tektəersmo
1inc possessor tektəswi tektəerswi
2pl possessor tektəka tektəerka
3pl possessor tektōr tektəerōr


jenaqʷs 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenaqʷs jenenaqʷs
Definite jenaqʷes jenenaqʷes


stuφs 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite stuφs stestuφs
Definite stuφes stestuφes

Adjectives

Masculine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtam memukʷtam mukʷtaīs
Definite mukʷtoi memukʷtoi mukʷtannə

Feminine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtā memukʷtā mukʷtar
Definite mukʷtām memukʷtām mukʷtās

Neuter:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtas memukʷtas mukʷtān
Definite mukʷtās memukʷtās mukʷtār


Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 ni- mē-
1 + 2 - ɬē-
2 ti- sē-
3 bi- nē-

TAM + subject markers

Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade". (Also cf. Ancient Wiebian.)

  • present stem a - preterite stem e
  • present stem ā - preterite stem ē
  • present stem o - preterite stem i
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ī
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ē
  • present stem oi - preterite stem ei
  • present stem ou - preterite stem iu
  • present stem au - preterite stem eu

Progressive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaisman *kaφsən
2SG *ʁaismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *ʁaismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁaisma *kaφs
1EX *ʁaismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *ʁaismant *kaφsənt
2PL *ʁaismaskʷe *kaφsəskʷe
3PL *ʁaismat *kaφsət

Habitual
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁeʁaisman *kekaφsən
2SG *ʁeʁaismar *kekaφsər
3SG.M *ʁeʁaismam *kekaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁeʁaismasim *kekaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁeʁaisma *kekaφs
1EX *ʁeʁaismamē *kekaφsmē
1IN *ʁeʁaismant *kekaφsənt
2PL *ʁeʁaismaskʷe *kekaφsəskʷe
3PL *ʁeʁaismat *kekaφsət

Preterite
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *ʁaismarəg *keφsrəg
3SG.M *ʁaismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *ʁaismaso *keφso
1EX *ʁaismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *ʁaismanter *keφsənter
2PL *ʁaismaskʷer *keφsəskʷer
3PL *ʁaismater *keφsəter

Subjunctive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismanai *kaφsnai
2SG *ʁaismarai *kaφsrai
3SG.M *ʁaismamewr *kaφsmewr
3SG.F *ʁaismasewr *kaφsəsewr
3SG.N *ʁaismawr *kaφsewr
1EX *ʁaismamai *kaφsmai
1IN *ʁaismantai *kaφsəntai
2PL *ʁaismaskʷai *kaφsəskʷai
3PL *kaismatewr *kaφsətewr

Imperative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG *ʁaismā! *kaφsə!
1IN *ʁaismantē! *kaφsəntē!
2PL *ʁaismaskʷē! *kaφsəskʷē!


Derivational morphology

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.

Lexicon