Ufirlandisg: Difference between revisions

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Line 927: Line 927:
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''


:'''''Mag nie wōt jūr zat jez?'''''
:'''''Nie wōt jūr zat jez?'''''
:''Don't you know that?''
:''Don't you know that?''



Revision as of 23:02, 31 July 2017

Ufirlandisg/Lexicon


kw hw > p f

Introduction

Ufirlandisg (Ufirlandisg: ufirlandisg māl [ˈʊfʲɪrɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc *ubiri-land-iskaz) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin. It is spoken in the Pyrenee Mountains area (this world's southwestern France and northeastern Spain), and belongs to the Þiúdic branch of Germanic like its sister Þiúdьsk.


Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal.
Nasal m m n
Stop
/Affricate
tenuis b p d , z t̪s ź, ǵ g k
aspirated p pʲʰ t t̪ʰ tʲʰ tʃʰ c
Fricative f f s s ʃ h h
Approximant central w w wi ɥ r ɹ j j
lateral l ɫ

Ufirlandisg has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.

When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an i (except with /i/ and /iː/).

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/, ü, ui /y/ ī /iː/, ǖ, uī /yː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Close-mid e /ə/ ē /ɤː/
Mid (i)a, (ü)e, (u)e [æ~ɛ] (i)ā, (ü)ē, (u)ē [æː~ɛː] [ə] (u)ō /ɔː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

Semivowel onglides: ü u /ɥ w/

Diphthongs: ai iau iu /aj aw jəw/

In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels a, e correspond to the soft vowels ie/üe, i.

Prosody

Stress

Primary stress is word-initial except for certain prefixes. There is secondary stress in every compound word component.

Intonation

Morphology

Nouns

Ufirlandisg nouns have 2 numbers and 4 cases, but the nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. Unusually for a Germanic language, there is no grammatical gender. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms.

The indefinite article is indeclinable: e is used before consonants and en before vowels. The definite article is likewise always se.

a-stems

Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).

a-stem: dal 'valley'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative dal dale
Genitive dale dalem


a-stem: namen 'name'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative namen namne
Genitive namne namnem


ja-stem: baś 'berry'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative baś basi
Genitive basi basim

Vowel stems

This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).

ō-stem: nasa 'nose'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative nasa nasar
Genitive nasar nasam


u-stem: süda 'custom'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative süda südar
Genitive südar südam


i-stem: burzie 'birth'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative burzie burzier
Genitive burzier burziem


īn-stem: langinie 'length'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative langinie langinier
Genitive langinier langiniem


z-stem: lambie 'lamb'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative lambie lambier
Genitive lambier lambiem

r-stems

This class includes only these kinship terms: fadier 'father', mādier 'mother', brāzier 'brother', ductier 'daughter', süesdier 'sister'.

r-stem: fadier 'father'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative fadier fadrar
Genitive fadrar fadram

Other irregular nouns

muon 'man'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative muon manier
Genitive manier muonam

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. 1pl. 2pl. 3pl. reflexive
'he' 'she' 'it'
nom. jac jūr ir it sum jūr -
acc. mic jou ina ije it unś jou sic
dat. mir jou ime jare ime unś jou imi sir
gen. mīn jour jas jar jas unsier jour jara sīn

Adjectives

Most adjectives take -a (for hard stems) or -ie (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.

  • se liawa watnie 'the lukewarm water'
  • liau watnie 'lukewarm water'
  • se watnie iś liau 'the water is lukewarm'
  • māra bāce 'big books'
  • se bāce iren māra 'the books are big'

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -sd: suōt, suōtier, suōtsd 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning Positive Comparative Superlative
"good" gād batier basd
"bad" wōnig wirsier wirsd
"many" fial mēr mēsd

Verbs

Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.

Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.

Thematic verbs

-an verbs

This is the most productive class of verbs.

macan 'to make'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present maca macad macan
past indicative macadie macadie macadien
past subjunctive macadi macadi macadin
imperative - maca! -
present participle macand
past participle macad

Also: liaufan 'love', lirnan 'learn'

-in verbs
rēcin 'to reach'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present rēci rēcid rēcin
past indicative rēcidie rēcidie rēcidien
past subjunctive rēcidi rēcidi rēcidin
imperative - rēci! -
present participle rēcind
past participle rēcid

Also: arbēdin 'work'; haurin 'hear'; lērin 'teach'; sagin 'say'; ertalin 'tell, recount'; ranin 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Verbs like e.g. bringin, bragtie, bragt 'bring'; bugin, bugtie, bugt 'buy'; zancin, zagtie, zagt - 'think' form a small subclass of the -in verbs.

Athematic verbs

Weak
Strong class 1
bīten 'to bite'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present bītie bītied bītien
past indicative bēt bēt bēten
past subjunctive biti biti bitin
imperative - bīt! -
present participle bītend
past participle biten

Also: sgīnen, sgēn, sginen 'shine', drīfen, drēf, drifen 'drive', clīfen, clēf, clifen 'stick, cling', rīten, rēt, riten 'write'

Strong class 2
ciausen 'to choose'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present ciausie ciausied ciausien
past indicative caus caus causen
past subjunctive curi curi curin
imperative - ciaus! -
present participle ciausend
past participle curen

Also: biauden, baud, buden 'offer, bid', biaugen, baug, bugen 'bow', fliaugen, flaug, flugen 'fly', fliawen, flau, fluwen 'flee, escape', friausen, fraus, fruren 'freeze'

Strong class 3
binden 'to tie, to bind'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present bindie bindied bindien
past indicative band band banden
past subjunctive bundi bundi bundin
imperative - bind! -
present participle bindend
past participle bunden

Also: bieginen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drincen, dranc, druncen 'drink'; finzen, fanz, funzen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen 'burst, explode'; simben, samb, sumben 'sing'; wierpen, warp, wurpen 'throw'; źrimben, zramb, zrumben 'press, force, push through'

Strong class 4

In Ufirlandisg, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present biarie biaried biarien
past indicative bar bar baren
past subjunctive buri buri burin
imperative - biar! -
present participle biarend
past participle buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', piamen, pam, pumen 'come', sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken 'speak', sdialen, sdal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasg, drasg, drusgen 'thresh', sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen 'die'

Strong class 5
giafen 'to give'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present giafie giafied giafien
past indicative gaf gaf gafen
past subjunctive giafi giafi giafin
imperative - giaf! -
present participle giafend
past participle giafen

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten 'forget', liasen, las, liaren 'read', siawen, saw, siawen 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidin, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', ligin, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6
grafen 'to dig'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present grafie grafied grafien
past indicative grāf grāf grāfen
past subjunctive grafi grafi grafin
imperative - graf! -
present participle grafend
past participle grafen

Also: faren, fār, faren 'spread', slagen, slāg, slagen 'strike', sdanden, sdānd, sdanden 'stand', wagsen, wāgs, wagsen 'grow', wasgen, wāsg, wasgen 'wash', jaten, jāt, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called

laupen, liaup, liaupen - to jump, leap

sdauten, sdiaut, sdiauten - to bump, collide, crash

hald, hiald, hialden - to hold

liāten, līt, liāten - to let

siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)

Preterite-present verbs

witen 'to know'
witen 'to know'
tense jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present indicative wōt wōt
present subjunctive witi witin
past indicative wisdie wisdien
past subjunctive wisdi wisdin
imperative wit! -
present participle witend
past participle wisd
cunen 'can, be able to'
cunen 'can'
tense jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present indicative can can
present subjunctive cuni cunin
past indicative cundie cundien
past subjunctive cundi cundin

Similarly sgulen 'should', zurfen 'have to'.

magen 'may'

The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc *maganą (~ Eng. may, might), and the past forms are from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).

magen 'may'
tense jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present indicative mag mag
present subjunctive magi magin
past indicative māsdie māsdien
past subjunctive māsdi māsdin

Other irregular verbs

wilen 'want to, will'
wilen 'want to, will'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present indicative wīd wīn
present subjunctive wili wilid wilin
past indicative wildie wildie wildien
past subjunctive wildi wildi wildin
biaun 'be'
biaun 'to be'
tense jac jūr ir/sī/it sum
present indicative im ired/ir irem/ir iren/ir
present subjunctive sije sijed sijed sijed sijen
past indicative was wiēra was wiēra wiēran
past subjunctive wiēri wiēri wiēri wiēri wiērin
imperative - biau! - - -
present participle wiesend
past participle wiēren
han 'have (auxiliary)'
han 'to have (auxiliary)'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present indicative ha had han
present subjunctive hafi hafid hafin
past indicative hadie hadie hadien
past subjunctive hadi hadi hadin
imperative - ha! -
present participle hafind
past participle had
dān 'do'
dān 'to do'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present dād dān
past indicative diadie diadie diadien
past subjunctive diadi diadi diadin
imperative - dā! -
present participle dānd
past participle dān
gān 'go'
gān 'to go'
tense jac jūr/ir/sī/it/sum
present indicative gād gān
past indicative giang giang giangen
past subjunctive giangi giangi giangin
imperative - gā! -
present participle gānd
past participle giangen

Also: fān - to get, to obtain

Derivational morphology

  • and-: 'de-, dis-'
  • bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
    • biecrīten 'complain about' < crīten 'complain'
    • bierīten 'describe' < rīten 'write'
    • biesingen 'praise' < singen 'sing'
  • -bier: '-able'
    • jatebier 'edible' < jaten 'to eat'
  • er-: telic, ~ German er-
  • fer-: "for-"
    • ferwundran 'surprise, amaze' < wunder 'wonder, miracle'
  • fur-: "fore-"
  • -ful: "-ful"
  • ge-
    • gebiaren 'give birth' < biaren 'bear, carry'
  • -hēd: -ness, -hood
  • -ig: forms adjectives from nouns
  • -laus: "-less"
  • -ling: "-ling"
  • -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns
    • wurdlik 'literal' < wurd 'word'
  • mis-: "mis-"
  • -nes: forms nouns from verbs
  • -sam: "-some"
  • un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
    • unrāwa 'unrest, unease'
  • -unga: forms nouns from verbs
    • hētiunga 'heating' < hētin 'to heat'

Prepositions

Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix -za.

  • an = (+ acc) onto; (+ dat) on
  • fur = (+ acc) for; (+ dat) before
  • gagin = (+ acc) against
  • in = (+ acc) into; (+ dat) in
  • mid́ = (+ dat) with
  • ta = (+ dat) to, towards
  • tuigs (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) between
  • ufir = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) across, over
  • undier = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) under, between, among
  • wizer = (+ acc) at, next to, by
  • zank = (+ dat) thanks to

Numbers

Base-120 system.

  • 1: ēn /ɤːn/ (ordinal ērsd)
  • 2: tuō /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal anzier)
  • 3: zrī /tsrʲiː/
  • 4: fiur /fʲʊr/
  • 5: finf /fʲinf/
  • 6: siags /ʃaks/
  • 7: süef /ʃɥœf/
  • 8: agta /ˈaːktʰa/
  • 9: niaun /nʲaun/
  • 10: tiaun /tʲʰaun/
  • 11: ēnlif
  • 12: tuōlif
  • 13: zrītiun
  • 14: fiurtiun
  • 15: finftiun
  • 16: siagstiun
  • 17: süeftiun
  • 18: agtiun
  • 19: niauntiun
  • 20: tuōntig
  • 30: zrītig
  • 40: fiurtig
  • 50: finftig
  • 60: siagstig
  • 70: süeftig
  • 80: agtig
  • 90: niauntig
  • 100: tiauntig
  • 110: ēnliftig
  • 120: hundrad
  • 14400: zūsand́

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle jez at the end, but this is optional.

Iś sī mīn lēraŕ.
She is my teacher.
Giasdern giang jac bugin ubati.
Yesterday I went to buy fruit.
Nie wōt jūr zat jez?
Don't you know that?
Jat sīn krūtsakar!
Eat your vegetables!

Verbs are negated with nie placed before the verb:

Nie fersdanda jac huat sagid jūr.
I don't understand what you're saying.

Noun phrase

Both adjectives and genitives follow nouns.

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Featured language banner

Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrītid.
This language was once featured.
Zank sīn miātar fullikhētar, fīnhētar auk brūklikhētar stamnidie it sic ta furrītin.
Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.

Phrasebook

  • Gād murgen! [kaːt ˈmʊrkɨn] - Good morning!
  • Gād dag! [kaːt tak] - Hello! Good day!
  • Gād üēfend! [kaːt ˈɥœːfɨnt] - Good evening!
  • Gād nātie! [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
  • Wialkumen! [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
  • Jac hēta... [jac ˈhɤːtʰa...] - My name is...
  • Zanke! [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you!
  • Mir/Unś iś rǖ. [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
  • Jac sbriaka ēnć Ufirlandisg. - I don't speak Ufirlandisg.

Other resources