Pamarėska: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
According to most scholars the Pomorian language splitted from Early Proto-Slavic before or during the period of First Palatalization. Unlike slavic languages it it highly conservative, which makes it more similar to Baltic languages. It also shared some sound changes common to this group. | |||
Little is known about an early period of Pomorian (before XIII century CE), because no written record had been left during this time. Archeological evidence state that early Pomorian tribes were living in the territory of Western Polesie region, which is now South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland as far as the San river. Around V-VII centuries CE (during the Migration Period) Pomorians moved to their current land. The cause of migration is disputed, many factors played role in it. During this period many borrowings from neighbouring Baltic tribes entered the language. After that Pomorian did not changed quite a lot from its original state. | |||
First written records came from German missionaries in the XIII century and the language is called Old Pomorian (Vėtuhapamarėska). The first attestation was found on a stone, which could be a part of a monastery, in Viestūtė. The carving states: ''"Deiwes kun semya preienlus esti"'', which translates as: "God has come to this land". (In modern language this would be: "Dieve kų zemio priejenlu est". | |||
The Standard Pomorian is based on a dialect of Viestūtė (Wiastowce in Polish), which is a Central-West dialect and also the one having the longest written records. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
=== Vowels === | |||
Pomorian has a distinctive vowel length and four diphthongs. Unlike slavic languages, it retained all Early Proto-Slavic vowels, but most of them changed their quality having different outcomes in dialects of this language.Front vowels can palatalize a preceeding consonant, but in Western dialects this applies only to /i:/ and /e:/ before dental consonants. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Long vowels | |+ Long vowels | ||
| Line 39: | Line 45: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open-mid | ! Open-mid | ||
| | | e (/ɛ:~æ:/)|| ę /ɛ̃:/ | ||
| || ą /ɔ̃:/ | | || ą /ɔ̃:/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
| | | a (/a:/) || | ||
| || | | || | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 56: | Line 62: | ||
! Open-mid | ! Open-mid | ||
| e /ɛ/ | | e /ɛ/ | ||
| | | å (/ɔ/) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
| Line 62: | Line 68: | ||
| a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ | | a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Allophones, appearing under acute/circumflex accent. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Diphthongs | |+ Diphthongs | ||
| Line 70: | Line 77: | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Allophones, appearing under acute/circumflex accent. | *Allophones, appearing under acute/circumflex accent. | ||
=== Consonants === | |||
Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the First Palatalization of velars in Slavic and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Consonants | |+ Consonants | ||
| Line 93: | Line 101: | ||
| p | | p | ||
| t̪ | | t̪ | ||
| | | c [[1]] | ||
| k | | k | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 100: | Line 108: | ||
| b | | b | ||
| d̪ | | d̪ | ||
| | | ɟ [[1]] | ||
| g | | g | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 109: | Line 117: | ||
| t̪͡s̪ | | t̪͡s̪ | ||
| t͡ʃ | | t͡ʃ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| d̪͡z̪ | | d̪͡z̪ | ||
| d͡ʒ | | d͡ʒ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 155: | Line 163: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
*[[1|1]] In | *[[1|1]] In North-Western dialects there are stops [c], [ɟ], while in South-Eastern - affricates [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ]. | ||
*[[2|2]] Occures only in borrowings. | *[[2|2]] Occures only in borrowings. | ||
*[[3|3]] [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position. | *[[3|3]] [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position. | ||
*[[4|4]] [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones. | *[[4|4]] [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones. | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Pomorian has three different orthografies, all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The | Pomorian has three different orthografies, all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic. | ||
=== | <center> | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
=== | |- | ||
| colspan="34" | Majuscule forms (uppercase or capital letters) | |||
|- | |||
| width=15|A || width=15|Ą || width=15|Å || width=15|B || width=15|C || width=15|Č || width=15|D || width=15|E || width=15|Ę | |||
| width=15|Ė || width=15|F || width=15|G || width=15|H || width=15|I || width=15|Į || width=15|Y || width=15|J | |||
| width=15|K || width=15|L || width=15|M || width=15|N || width=15|O || width=15|P || width=15|R || width=15|S | |||
| width=15|Š || width=15|T || width=15|U || width=15|Ų || width=15|Ū || width=15|V || width=15|Z || width=15|Ž | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="34" | Minuscule forms (lowercase or small letters) | |||
|- | |||
|a ||ą ||å ||b ||c ||č ||d ||e ||ę | |||
|ė ||f ||g ||h ||i ||į ||y ||j | |||
|k ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s | |||
|š ||t ||u ||ų ||ū ||v ||z ||ž | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="34" | Name of Letters | |||
|- | |||
|a ||a nosinå ||a rįdžinå ||bė ||cė ||čė ||dė ||e ||e nosinå | |||
|ė ||ef ||gė ||ha ||i ||i nosinå ||i dilgå ||jot | |||
|ka ||el ||em ||en ||o ||pė ||er ||es | |||
|eš ||tė ||u ||u nosinå ||u dilgå ||vė ||zė ||žė | |||
|} | |||
</center> | |||
Palatalization is indicated with a silent "i" after a palatal consonant. Occasionally "ť" and "ď" can be used to indicate /c/ and /ɟ/ respectively as in the Eastern orthography. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Revision as of 16:32, 11 August 2017
The Pomorian language or Pamarėska golba, język pomorski (in Polish) is a Balto-Slavic language spoken in the region of Pomorze in Northern Poland from Gdynia to Braniewo cities, mostly in rural areas. There are at least 20 000 speakers (including second-language speakers), of which less than 4000 speak Pomorian natively. Most of the native speakers are at the age of 50 and above, while younger generation usually speaks Polish as their first language.
Classification
Pomorian is usually classified as a separate branch of the Slavic language group of the Indo-European language family, but some scholars agree that the language is actually a distinct group related to both Baltic and Slavic languages. There is also no sole opinion on whether Pomorian is a single language or a group of closely related languages. Nowadays it is considered to be a dialectal continuum.
History
According to most scholars the Pomorian language splitted from Early Proto-Slavic before or during the period of First Palatalization. Unlike slavic languages it it highly conservative, which makes it more similar to Baltic languages. It also shared some sound changes common to this group. Little is known about an early period of Pomorian (before XIII century CE), because no written record had been left during this time. Archeological evidence state that early Pomorian tribes were living in the territory of Western Polesie region, which is now South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland as far as the San river. Around V-VII centuries CE (during the Migration Period) Pomorians moved to their current land. The cause of migration is disputed, many factors played role in it. During this period many borrowings from neighbouring Baltic tribes entered the language. After that Pomorian did not changed quite a lot from its original state. First written records came from German missionaries in the XIII century and the language is called Old Pomorian (Vėtuhapamarėska). The first attestation was found on a stone, which could be a part of a monastery, in Viestūtė. The carving states: "Deiwes kun semya preienlus esti", which translates as: "God has come to this land". (In modern language this would be: "Dieve kų zemio priejenlu est". The Standard Pomorian is based on a dialect of Viestūtė (Wiastowce in Polish), which is a Central-West dialect and also the one having the longest written records.
Phonology
Vowels
Pomorian has a distinctive vowel length and four diphthongs. Unlike slavic languages, it retained all Early Proto-Slavic vowels, but most of them changed their quality having different outcomes in dialects of this language.Front vowels can palatalize a preceeding consonant, but in Western dialects this applies only to /i:/ and /e:/ before dental consonants.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | y /i:/ | į /ĩ:/ | ū /u:/ | ų /ũ:/ |
| Mid | ė /e:/ | o /o:/ | ||
| Open-mid | e (/ɛ:~æ:/) | ę /ɛ̃:/ | ą /ɔ̃:/ | |
| Open | a (/a:/) | |||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ |
| Open-mid | e /ɛ/ | å (/ɔ/) |
| Open | a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ |
- Allophones, appearing under acute/circumflex accent.
| ie /ie/ | uo /uo/ | ei /iɪ̯~i:/ | au /ou̯/ |
|---|
- Allophones, appearing under acute/circumflex accent.
Consonants
Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the First Palatalization of velars in Slavic and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound).
| Labial | Dental | Palato-alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | c 1 | k | |
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɟ 1 | g | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | t̪͡s̪ | t͡ʃ | |||
| voiced | d̪͡z̪ | d͡ʒ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) 2 | s̪ | ʃ | h | |
| voiced | z̪ | ʒ | (ɦ) 3 | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | w~ʋ 4 | j | ||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ʎ | ||||
- 1 In North-Western dialects there are stops [c], [ɟ], while in South-Eastern - affricates [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ].
- 2 Occures only in borrowings.
- 3 [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position.
- 4 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones.
Orthography
Pomorian has three different orthografies, all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic.
| Majuscule forms (uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | Ą | Å | B | C | Č | D | E | Ę | Ė | F | G | H | I | Į | Y | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Š | T | U | Ų | Ū | V | Z | Ž | |
| Minuscule forms (lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | ą | å | b | c | č | d | e | ę | ė | f | g | h | i | į | y | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | š | t | u | ų | ū | v | z | ž | |
| Name of Letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | a nosinå | a rįdžinå | bė | cė | čė | dė | e | e nosinå | ė | ef | gė | ha | i | i nosinå | i dilgå | jot | ka | el | em | en | o | pė | er | es | eš | tė | u | u nosinå | u dilgå | vė | zė | žė | |
Palatalization is indicated with a silent "i" after a palatal consonant. Occasionally "ť" and "ď" can be used to indicate /c/ and /ɟ/ respectively as in the Eastern orthography.