Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions
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===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nouns had: | |||
* two states: absolute and construct. | |||
Nouns had | * two cases: nominative and genitive. | ||
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formes by reduplication. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== |
Revision as of 04:45, 13 August 2017
Proto-Quihum is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Quihum languages. It's inspired by Proto-Indo-European and Sanskrit. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are Thensarian and Sjowaazheñ.
Todo
Overview
Phonology
Consonants
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of scholars.
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||||
Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||
Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | *ʔ | |
aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *kʰ | *kʷʰ | *qʰ | *qʷʰ | |||
voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | *ɢ | *ɢʷ | |||
breathy voiced | *bʰ | *dʰ | *gʰ | *gʷʰ | *ɢʰ | *ɢʷʰ | |||
Fricative | *s | *x | *xʷ | *x̌ /χ/ | *x̌ʷ /χʷ/ | *h | |||
Resonant | *r, *l | *y /j/ | *w |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | *i ī | *u ū | |
Mid | *ē | *ə | |
Open | *a *ā |
Suprasegmentals
Stress was phonemic.
Phonotactics
Rules:
- When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
Grammar
Typology
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Ablaut
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
Functions of ablaut
- Noun inflections
- Verb inflections
- Verb "binyanim"
- Deriving nouns and verbs
Ablaut grades
- a-grade: present tense
- i-grade: preterite tense
- ə-grade: verbal noun
- u-grade
- ∅-grade: verbal noun; many derived stems
- lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
Determiners
The characteristic inflection of determiners could be a relic of an older word order where prepositions were inserted between an adjective and the following noun (cf. magnā cum laude).
Nominals
Nouns had:
- two states: absolute and construct.
- two cases: nominative and genitive.
- two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formes by reduplication.
Verbs
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
- Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person gender and honorific
- Aspects: present, preterite, stative
- Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative