Evonish: Difference between revisions
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==Writing== | ==Writing== | ||
===Allophones=== | ===Allophones=== | ||
n is /ŋ/ before k or g | n is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/. | ||
===Alphabet=== | |||
See [[IPA for Evonish]]. It is a 28 letter alphabet. It is as follows: <br> | See [[IPA for Evonish]]. It is a 28 letter alphabet. It is as follows: <br> | ||
a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, i, y | a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x. <br> | ||
Vowels have multiple pronunciations, but consonants do not. | Vowels have multiple pronunciations, but consonants do not. | ||
===Diacritics=== | ===Diacritics & Digraphs=== | ||
Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. | |||
Certain | aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/ | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== |
Revision as of 22:52, 21 June 2013
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Declensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conjugations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common, Neuter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect |
Evonish is a Germanic language of the Evonen language branch. It is based on General American phonology and uses Grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of Celtic and A-priori. Despite these, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater morphology. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context.
Phonology
Consonants
Affricates were present in Middle Evonish, but by Modern Evonish, they have all become velarized or palatalized.
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Labio-velar | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | ||||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ (ʒ) | ç | x (ɣ) | h | ||
Approximant | ɹ | j | ʍ w | ||||||
Flap/Tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |||
Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
Close-mid | e | o | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ | |||
Near-open | æ | ||||
Open | ɑ |
Rhotic
R vowels | IPA | General American Examples |
---|---|---|
ar | /ɑ˞/ | mark, dark |
er | /ɛ˞ː/ | air, bear |
ir | /e˞ː/ | deer and fear |
or | /ɔ˞ː/ | or and cord |
ur | /ɝː/ | fur and her |
Palatalization
This sounds change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x. Occurrences:
- lorem
- ipsum
Writing
Allophones
n is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.
Alphabet
See IPA for Evonish. It is a 28 letter alphabet. It is as follows:
a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x.
Vowels have multiple pronunciations, but consonants do not.
Diacritics & Digraphs
Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/
Pronouns
Personal
Subject to change
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. Suppletion between accusative and dative cases in first and second plurals occurred from originally distinct dual and plural pronouns, hence there are the Cs in the accusative of first and second person plurals.
Person | # / Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Singular | Ik | Mek | Mýn | Mí |
Plural | Wí | Unk | Úr | Ús | |
Second | Singular | Ðú | Ðek | Ðýn | Ðí |
Plural | Jí | Ink | Jár | Já | |
Third | Common | Hú | Hin | His | Him |
Neuter | Hit | It | Is | Im | |
Plural | Hé | Én | Hér | Ém | |
Indefinite | Reflexive | Zí | Zek | Zýn | Zí |
Relative
The sole relative pronoun is ðe, however, relative clauses are set off with commas.
Interrogative
Declension | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Ƕo | Ƕon | Ƕos | Ƕom |
Neuter | Ƕat | Ƕas | Ƕam |
Determiners
The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead.
Determiners | Article | Demonstrative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Indefinite | Negative | Proximal | Distal | ||
Singular | Common | |||||
Neuter | ||||||
Plural | Common | |||||
Neuter |
Morphology
Adjective
Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position, they do not in a predicative position. Cf. German die schwarze Magd vs die Magd ist schwarz. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be availible in time.
- Comparative: -err
- Superlative: -est
Mutation
Ablaut
coming soon...
Umlaut
Occurrences:
- Certain plurals of strong nouns
- Genitive and dative singular of some nouns
- Second and third person singular indicative of some verbs
- Comparatives and superlatives
- Derivative verbs (of nouns)
- Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
- Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix
Noun
Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. Possessive and genitive are not considered distinct cases. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings in the Old English and Old Norse languages.
Class I | Vocative | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Common | o- | -en | -es | -e | -i | |
Neuter | |||||||
Plural | Common | ||||||
Neuter | |||||||
Class I | Vocative | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental | |
Singular | Common | ||||||
Neuter | |||||||
Plural | Common | ||||||
Neuter |
Verb
The frequentive aspect is the only aspect formed with special conjugations. These conjugations will be provided soon, the infinitives of these are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(including gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. If further aspects are necessary, they may be formed in nonstandard ways or purely in context.
Aspects | Modal Verb | Main verb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | (no modal verb) | conjugation | |||
Perfect | haven (to have) | passive participle | |||
Progressive | bíen (to be) | active participle | |||
Habitual | dóen (to do) | infinitive | |||
Frequentative | (no modal verb) | -eln conjugation (above) |
Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. These are conjugated for the indicative mood.
Auxiliary verbs | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | "I shall" | "we shall" |
Second Person | "thou wilt" | "ye will" |
Third Person | "he goes" | "we go" |
The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.
Weak I | |||
---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | -en | ||
Gerund | -ung | ||
Supine | tó- | ||
Participle | Passive | ge- -ed | |
Active | -end | ||
Tense | Present | Past | |
Finite forms | 1st singular | -e | -de |
2nd singular | -est | -dest | |
3rd singular | -eþ | -ed | |
All Plural | -en | -den | |
Imperative | Singular | (no affix) | -- |
Plural | -eþ | -- |
Syntax
Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.
Comparisons
Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:
- "He jumped quicker than I" would yield "than I [jumped]" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative).
- "He jumped quicker than me" would yield "than [he jumped] me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative).
Word Order
The standard word order is different for different sentence types.
- Declarative: Subject - Instrument - Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object
- Interrogative: Instrument - Verb - Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object
- Exclamatory: Subject - Instrument - Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object
Dictionary
Kinship
soon...
Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grandmother | Grandfather | Grandmother | Grandfather | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Father | Mother | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Twin Sisters Husband | Twin Sister | Little Sisters Husband | Little Sister | Big Sisters Huband | Big Sister | Wife | Self | Husband | Big Brother | Big Brothers Wife | Little Brother | Little Brothers Wife | Twin Brother | Twin Brothers Wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Son | Daughter | Son | Daughter | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew |
To add
Soon to be added to contionary after a little management:
- brinnen - to be afire
- graven - to sculpture
- ingraven - to engrave
- kwellen - to torment (with umlaut)
- taken - to reach, to lay hold of(related to touch, to take, and to tuck)
- wacen - to keep watch
- wecken - to wake up (transitive)
- waken - to awaken (intransitive)
- wrýten - to write, to scribe, to shrive
Verb List
This is not formatted, I will fix it soon
Verb | English | Etymology | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
fegen | to add | Old English "fegan", Dutch "voegen", German "fügen" | |
to bring forth | |||
been | to be | Old English "beon" | one of two forms of "to be" |
to dwell, to occupy | Old English "buan" | shares roots with beeon | |
burnen | to ignite | Old English "baernan" and "beornan", Dutch "branden", German "brennen", Modern English "burn" | |
breken | to break | Old English "brecan", Dutch "breken", German "brechen", Pgmc *brekan | CG |
deemen | to judge | Old English "deman", Modern English "to deem" | |
don | to do | Old English "don", Dutch "doen", Ger "tun", Wgmc *don | This also is used as an auxilary with infinitives. |
ðanken | to thank | c. f. English "thanks" German "danke" | |
efttellen | to retell, recount | from eft + tellan, literally meaning re + tell | |
enden | to end, to discontinue | Old English "endian" | |
eten | to eat | Old English "etan" | |
to journey, to travel | Old English "faran" Dutch "varen" German "fahren" | ||
follen | to fall | Old English "feallan" | |
fillen | to fill, to replenish, to restock | Old English "fyllon", Dutch "vullen" | |
folgen | to follow | Old English "fylgan", German "folgen", Dutch "volgen" | |
feogen | to hate | Old English "feogan", compare "foe" and "fiend" | |
fregen | to like, to favor | Old English "freogan", related to "friend" | |
forstanden | to understand | Old English "understandan", "forstanden", German "verstehen" | English's is of the idea of standing admist objects, others use the idea of standing before |
gabinden | to combind | "ga-" + "bindan"" | |
to gather, to unite | Old English "gaderian" | ||
to compare | "ga-" + "seekan" | ||
to recall | Old English "feoh" | ||
to terrify, to leave agast | Old English "gæstan" | gæst means ghost | |
to equip | Old High German "garawen " meaning "to make ready" | related to gear | |
haven | to have | Old English "habban" | irregular, forms the perfect aspect |
holden | to care for, to foster | Anglian "haldan", West Saxon "healdan" | same root as "hold" |
to hold, to grasp | |||
heeden | to heed | Old English "hedan", Modern English "heed" | |
to throw outward | Old Norse "kasta" | is used to translate "cast" in English sense "cast a spell" | |
to agree | Old English "beclencan" | sense change from to hold onto | |
to draw near | Old English "cuman", German "kommen" | ||
to knife | noun "kneif" from Old Norse "knifr" | ||
to be able | Old English "cunnan" and German "kennen" | only sense is "to be able", followed by an infinitive | |
to know | |||
to moisten | Old English "leccan" | c. f. "leekan", "lake" | |
to allow | |||
to leak | Middle Dutch "leken", Modern English "to leak" | ||
to live | |||
to be like | Old English "lic" | ||
to like | Old English "lician" | directly related to leican and suffix "lic" common germanic | |
to lift | |||
to love | |||
magen | to be permitted | Old English "magan" | irregular, with cognates of both may and might in its inflections |
to "must" | Old English "motan" Dutch "moeten" | irregular, with cognates of both mote and must in its inflections | |
to mind | see "mund" | ||
needen | to need | Mercian "ned", Old Norse "nauðr" | noun influenced by Mercian, verb influenced by Norse |
nimen | to take | Old English "niman", German "nehmen" | strong |
to split | Old norse "rifa", mod eng "rive" | ||
reken | to reason | c. f. reckon | |
renden | to tear, to cur | Old English "rendon", Modern English "rend" | Neuter |
to cross | Old English "rood" | rood means cross (Old Eng) | |
to strike | Old English "slean" to slay, German "schlagen" to slay, to strike | common germanic | |
to be | Old English "seeon" | one of two forms of "to be" | |
to say | Old English "secgan" | object is words, not languages | |
to slay | Old English "slean" to slay, German "schlagen" to slay, to strike | ||
to strike a spark | Old English "slean" to strike a spark | ||
seeken | to seek | strong | |
scaven | to shave | strong | |
scowen | to show | strong | |
to dispute, to argue | |||
spreken | to speak | object is languages, not words, strong | |
standen | to stand | ||
swelten | to die | Old English, Old Saxon "sweltan" | |
to discard | ut + þreowan | English phrasal verb "throw out" | |
to absorb | paralleled with Modern English "take in" | ||
to count | Old English "tellan", Dutch "tellen" | for recount see "efttellan" | |
to toss, to pass | Modern English "toss" thought to be from a scandinavian source | ||
to think | Old English "þencan" | related to "to think" | |
to throw | Old English "þrawan" | ||
to seem, appear as | Old English "þyncan", Early Modern English "methinks" (it seems to me, not I think) | related to "to think" This word was historically confused with Old English "þencan" and merged in Middle English | |
to wane, fade | Old English "wanian" | used of lunar phases, but also power, intensity, degree, ect | |
to twist, to coil | Old English "windon" | from root of "wind" | |
wenden | to move | Old English "wendon" | irregular, from root of "wind" |
to want, to will for | Old English "willan", "wyllon" | ||
to wander | Old English "wandrian" | from root of "wind" | |
to warp, to distort | Old English "weorpan" | ||
to wone, reside | Old English "wunian" |