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==Todo==
==Todo==
*''ʔaffur'' = noble
*''ʔaffur'' = noble
*''sabbur'' = compassionate
*''ʔaqâṭ'' (m) = incense
*''ʔaqâṭ'' (m) = incense
*''ʔèȝsö'' (f) = eagle
*''ʔèȝsö'' (f) = eagle

Revision as of 00:47, 22 August 2017

Classical Netagin/Lexicon
Classical Netagin/Swadesh list

Classical Netagin (Classical Netagin: bărits năthâghin, Eevo: traditionally Nyþojín Afúr 'Noble Netagin', Clofabosin: netagoserotin/netagosin), also called Old Netagin (Eevo: Nyþojín Dair), is a triconsonantal language descended from Ancient Netagin, inspired by Tiberian Hebrew. It was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Eevo and Bênôcian.

Sound changes from ANtg

  • a > a
  • ā > â
  • ay, i > e
  • ī > i
  • aw, u > o
  • ō > ö
  • propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
  • ū > u

Todo

  • ʔaffur = noble
  • sabbur = compassionate
  • ʔaqâṭ (m) = incense
  • ʔèȝsö (f) = eagle
  • kanufiyyö (f) = logic, reasoning, rationality; mathematics
  • bilö (f) = woman
  • tatugh = to narrate
  • tatöghö (f) = epic
  • ʔes = definite article
  • bakh = under
  • rith (m) = son
  • tibh (m) = day
  • băthurö (m) = god
  • waqwâq (m) = frog
  • tosugh (m) = copy
  • zâr (m) = cat
  • ṭazzâr (m) = turtle
  • ħen, ħinn- (m) = evening
  • ʔasâṭ (m) = colorful, bright in color
  • safăȝ (m) = friend
  • gâser (m) = world
  • tiħönö (f) = segment, fragment
  • ħaṭar = to swim
  • narăkh (m) = current
  • tsamm = against
    • Miħṭar tsamm ʔes-narăkh.

Words

Swadesh list

'am = I
'an = you
hen = he
'ammâ = we
'annâ = youse
hènnâ = they
xe < xay = who
xu < xū = what
xaddu < xaddu = where
xăbhakh < xibak = when
xam < xam = how
'ixxu < 'ixxū = why
ki < kī = not
rögh < rōg- = all
mâl = mother
te = father
xebhăr < xibr = fish
tibh < tīb = day
bezăȝ < bizȝ = cloud

Roots

  • w-s-g: similar
  • n-t-g: sing
  • r-s-d: learn
  • m-ʔ-r: go
  • w-r-s: love
  • b-n-s: hide
  • ȝ-z-f: poke
  • z-ħ-m: praise, honor
  • ŋ-t-w: new
  • k-n-f: reason
  • h-ŋ-ts: empty, null
  • ħ-d-k: warm
  • ts-ŋ-ṭ: garden, horticulture
  • g-m-z: letter, element
  • s-b-r: compassion, sympathy
  • f-x-r: agree, blend
  • n-b-x: courage
  • t-f-k: know
  • y-r-f: roll
  • f-ts-m: read
  • ȝ-k-r: write
  • z-r-b: true, firm
  • x-d-ȝ: half, split
  • f-s-T: step, stage
  • ʔ-b-3: mind
  • w-t-f: die
  • t-ŋ-b: measure
  • z-m-z-m: hesitate
  • s-r-k: king, rule
  • ħ-n-g: value
  • ʔ-ṭ-r: punish
  • k-m-n: say
  • q-3-q-3: tile
  • b-s-ŋ: clan, family
  • b-ts-3: force, coerce
  • r-ʔ-b: criticize
  • f-s-q: beast
  • q-ȝ-d: agree
  • z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
  • ʔ-x-t: light, color
  • y-d-x: compare, similar, metaphor
  • s-f-3: dear
  • w-d-r: equal, same
  • ħ-g-r: different
  • m-g-t: assign
  • q-b-tx: shield, fortress
  • q-z-r: hand over
  • ts-b-s: show, exhibit
  • ħ-r-k: open
  • t-q-s: good, great
  • ħ-n-r: use
  • s-n-3: help
  • f-t-ʔ: proud
  • s-f-n: bold
  • k-r-r: young
  • k-ȝ-n: eternity
  • ȝ-n: come
  • ȝ-r-y: brood
  • n-m-y: fall
  • q-z-n: stop, settle
  • b-r-ts: speak
  • x-n-q: near
  • ħ-ṭ-r: swim

Patterns

  • 1a23 = noun
  • 1a2ā3, 1a2ô3 = adjective, noun?
  • 1a22ū3 = adjective
  • ta12ū3 = noun
  • ʔi12ā3 = noun
  • 1ā2a3, 1ā2i3 = noun
  • 1ô2a3 = noun

Numbers

ħaŋits rodh hez ṭuŋ miqâx fazzim ʔaŋbân qatzădh koʕâs riffuy tabhiŋ xǎdhuʕ zârukh

Phonology

Consonants

m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ħ h z ʁ w ɾ j

m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx ħ h z ȝ w r y

Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V; transliterated th kh bh dh gh (optional across word boundaries)

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /i(ː)/ [ɨ] u /u(ː)/
Close-mid e /e(ː)/ ö /ö(ː)/ o /o(ː)/
Open-mid è /ɛ/ ă /ə/ ò /ɔ/
Near-open á /ɒ(ː)/
Open a /a/

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

Morphology

Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect as in Celtic and Semitic languages.

Adpositions
Adposition Case Gloss
talN genitive from
qibhL genitive for the sake of
L genitive in order that
qrúthN genitive lest, in order that... not
ˁarN instrumental with (accompanying)
ˀelN instrumental without
déráˀL accusative because of
hídhL accusative towards
mašN locative, accusative in, within
celN locative, accusative above, over
dónL genitive, accusative on, about
nótzL genitive, accusative before, in front of
cadL locative when
tarN locative, accusative after, behind, for (locative)
meṭáˀL locative, accusative over, beyond, through
bachN locative, accusative below, under
ferrN genitive, accusative between, among
yirinL genitive instead of

Nouns

Classical Netagin has innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:

  1. Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
  2. In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
  3. The word for "lady", bīlō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
  4. Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.

This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.

Example declensions, with yaref (m) 'wheel' and ʔèȝăso (f) 'eagle':

Sample nouns
Singulative Collective Plurative
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Masculine yaref yăref yărefu yirfu yărefâ yirfâ
Feminine ʔèȝsö ʔèȝsön ʔăȝâsönu ʔèȝsönu ʔăȝâsöbh ʔèȝsöbh

Adjectives

Adjectives in -in decline as follows:

năthâghin 'Netagin'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Masculine năthâghin năthâghinu năthâghinâ
Feminine năthâghiyö năthâghiyönu năthâghiyöbh

Verbs

Binyanim

There are 12 binyanim:

  • Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
  • Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
  • Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
  • Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
  • Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
  • Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
  • Binyan 7 - telic
  • Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
  • Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
  • Binyan 10 - "-le"
  • Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădhádhekh 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
  • Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"


Binyan Imperfective Perfective Antipassive
Participle
Passive
Participle
Verbnoun
1 1â2a3 -i12a3 1ö2e3 1e2o3 1â2e3
2 1a2ö3 -a12u3 1â2i3 1â2u3 1â2â3
3 ʔa12i13 -uni12e3 bi11u2â3 ti11u2â3 ʔa12o3
4 ʔa1:â2e3 -i1ːe2u3 ba12a3 ta12a3 ʔa12a3ö
5 ta12u3 -ut1â2e3 but1â2o3 tut1â2o3 ta12ö3ö
6 ʔir1â2a3 -ur1e2o3 bur1e2o3 tur1e2o3 ʔur1â2e3
7 ʔirtă1â2o3 -urtă1â2e3 burtă1â2o3 turtă1â2o3 tirtă1â2ī3
8 ʔi21â2e3 -i21e2o3 bu21â2o3 tu21â2o3 ʔu21â2e3
9 1as2o3 -u1is2o3 bu1as2o3 tu1as2o3 tu1aš2e3
10 1ă2â2e3 -i12e2o3 bu12e2o3 tu12e2o3 ti12â2e3
11 1ă2â2u3 -i12â2o3 bu12â2o3 tu12â2o3 tu12â2e3
12 1i31a2o3 -i1i31e2o3 bu1i31â2o3 tu1i31â2o3 1i31â2e3

1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.

Affixes

Present tense affixes
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 -mi -mū -mā
2 -an
-at (hon.)
-nū
-tū (hon.)
-nā
-tōb (hon.)
3 -∅
(hon.)

-ōb (hon.)

ʔabnis 'steal'
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 ʔabnismi ʔabnismū ʔabnismā
2 ʔabnisan ʔabnisnū ʔabnisnā
3 ʔabnis
ʔabnisō (hon.)
ʔabnisū ʔabnisā
ʔabnisōb

Past tense affixes
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 m- m-ū m-ā
2 n-
n-ō (hon.)
n-ū n-ā
n-ōb (hon.)
3 h-
h-ō (hon.)
h-ū h-ā
h-ōb (hon.)

ʔabnis 'steal'
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 fibbinus fibbinusū fibbinusā
2 nibbinus nibbinusū nibbinusā
3 hibbinus
hibbinusō (hon.)
hibbinusū hibbinusā
hibbinusōb (hon.)


Moods

ħaṭren = swim! (2sg)

ħaṭarnân = swim! (2pl)

ħaṭartun = swim! (polite, all numbers)

Syntax

Classical Netagin is consistently syntactically ergative. Unusually for an ergative language, it has absolutive-verb-ergative word order.

Sample texts

Tower of Babel

Badh, să-rögh ʔes-gâser rödh bărits dă-yăħinâ bhiȝâ.
then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
Sem sa-făṭinehâ ʔaŋ-thimmux, qulats haroz hennâ dhă-hiqzaʔâ rân.
but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find 3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.
Să-hibhrasâ, "ʔAtse, 3ammâ ʔaŋ-yăghâth [...]."

Miscellaneous

Poetry

Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew piyyutim in structure.