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Kola: Difference between revisions
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===Historical Phonology=== | ===Historical Phonology=== | ||
'''Grand master plan for Kola (ጅቆለ)''' | |||
(to avoid confusion, Proto-Bantu *j is written ɟ) | |||
ɟ > Ø / V_a, ɲ_a | |||
ɟ > Ø / (i/ɪ)_ (i/ɪ) | |||
p, b > p͡f, b͡v / _i, _u | |||
t, d > t͡s, d͡z / _i, _u | |||
c, ɟ > c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ / _i, _u | |||
k, g > k͡x, g͡ɣ / _i, _u | |||
ɪ, ʊ > i, u | |||
i, e, u, o > j, j, w, w (transfers high tone to following vowel) / _V | |||
V́, VV, VU > V: (VV = doubled vowel; VU = vowel followed by homorganic vowel = ei, ie, ou, uo) | |||
V > V: / _NC | |||
ai, ae, au, ao > e:, e:, o:, o: | |||
b, d, ɟ, g > β̞, l, j, ɰ / not preceded by nasal | |||
p͡f, b͡v > f, v / not preceded by nasal | |||
t͡s, d͡z > s, z / not preceded by nasal | |||
c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ > ç, ʝ / not preceded by nasal | |||
k͡x, g͡ɣ > x, ɣ / not preceded by nasal | |||
c, ɟ > t͡s, d͡z / _a(:) | |||
c, ɟ > t͡ɬ, d͡ɮ / _o(:), _u(:) | |||
c, ɟ > t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ / _e(:), _i(:) | |||
[-voiced +prenasalized +stop/affricate ] > [-prenasalized +aspirated] (i.e. mp, nt, etc > pʰ, tʰ, etc for all voiceless stops and affricates) | |||
[-voiced -aspirated +stop/affricate ] > [+voiced] / in grammatical prefixes | |||
[-voiced -aspirated +stop/affricate] > [+ejective] | |||
[+voiced +prenasalized +stop/affricate] > [-prenasalized] / #_, V:_ (i.e. mb, nd, etc > b, d, etc) | |||
[+voiced +prenasalized +stop/affricate] > [-prenasalized]: / V_ | |||
NN > N / #_, V:_ | |||
velar > palatal / before front vowel | |||
c͡ç’, c͡çʰ, ɟ͡ʝ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ | |||
c’, cʰ, ɟ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ | |||
ç, ʝ > ʃ, ʒ | |||
k͡xʰ, g͡ɣ > qʰ, ɢ | |||
<!-- Old Kola phonology: | |||
m, p’, pʰ, b, p͡fʰ , b͡v, β̞, w, f, v | |||
n, t’, tʰ, d, t͡s’, t͡sʰ, d͡z, s, z, t͡ɬ’, t͡ɬʰ, d͡ɮ, l, ɬ, ɮ | |||
ɲ, t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, j, ʃ, ʒ | |||
(ŋ), k’, kʰ, g, ɰ, x, ɣ | |||
qʰ, ɢ | |||
a(:), e(:), i(:), o(:), u(:) --> | |||
p͡fʰ, b͡v > f, v | |||
t͡sʰ, d͡z > s, z | |||
t͡ɬ’, t͡ɬʰ, d͡ɮ > t͡ʃ’, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ (dialectal t͇’, t͇ʰ, d͇, with t’, tʰ, d being dental) | |||
ɬ, ɮ > ʃ, ʒ (dialectal θ͇, ð͇) | |||
qʰ, ɢ (> χ, ʁ ) > ħ, ʕ | |||
x, ɣ > χ, ʁ | |||
ɰ > ŋ | |||
β̞ > w | |||
ʒ > d͡ʒ (not in all dialects) | |||
a, e, o > ə | |||
a:, e:, o: > a, e, o | |||
i, u > ɨ | |||
i:, u: > i, u | |||
Cwɨ, Cjɨ > Cu, Ci | |||
ɨ > Ø / _#, VC_C (starting from beginning of word) / disallowed by phonotactics | |||
j > Ø / C_V | |||
l > r / sporadic | |||
χ, ħ > h / sporadic | |||
ʕ > ʔ / sporadic | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||