Linguifex

User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl: Difference between revisions

User page Discussion

User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl (view source)

Revision as of 22:45, 2 October 2017

9,486 bytes added ,  2 October 2017
m
→‎8. z-stems
 
(74 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Sound changes==
# merger of overlong into long vowels
# merger of overlong into long vowels
#: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô)
#: ''*pūkō'' ( < *pūkô)
Line 23: Line 24:
# f > hw / _V
# f > hw / _V
#: ''*hwehu'' ( < *fehu)
#: ''*hwehu'' ( < *fehu)
# mb > w̃ / V_V
#: ''law̃ah'' ( < *lambaz )
# þ > s [unconditionally]
# þ > s [unconditionally]
#: ''sat'' ( < *þat), ''wursā'' < ''*wurþā'' ( < *wurdą)
#: ''sat'' ( < *þat), ''wursā'' < ''*wurþā'' ( < *wurdą)
Line 43: Line 46:
# b > v / V_V
# b > v / V_V
#: ''*averanā'' < ''*aberanā'' ( < *gaberaną), ''ēvā'' < ''*ēbā'' ( < *gebō )
#: ''*averanā'' < ''*aberanā'' ( < *gaberaną), ''ēvā'' < ''*ēbā'' ( < *gebō )
# b > w / V_jV
#: ''*haujā'' < ''*habjā'' ( < *habjō)
# d > z / V_V  
# d > z / V_V  
#: ''māzēr'' < ''*māðēr'' ( < *mōdēr)
#: ''māzēr'' < ''*māðēr'' ( < *mōdēr)
Line 53: Line 58:
#: ''ējum'' ( < *aigum, {{sc|pres act 1pl}} of *aiganą), ''rīzanā'' ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), ''kiuranā'' ( < *keusaną)
#: ''ējum'' ( < *aigum, {{sc|pres act 1pl}} of *aiganą), ''rīzanā'' ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), ''kiuranā'' ( < *keusaną)
#: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs''  'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
#: ''ērīs'' 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. ''avajs''  'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
# /wr/ -> [rʷː]
==Current status==
====1.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| a-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''hwarhah''' ''m'' piglet
| colspan="2"| '''blātā''' ''n'' sacrifice
|-
! || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
| hwarh
| hwarhāh
| colspan=2 rowspan=3| blātā
|-
! Nominative
| hwarhah
| hwarhāh
|-
! Accusative
| hwarhā
| hwarhann
|-
! Genitive
| hwarhah
| hwarhō
| blātah
| blātō
|-
! Dative
| hwarhaj
| hwarhamah
| blātaj
| blātamah
|-
! Instrumental
| hwarhā
| hwarhamah
| blātā
| blātamah
|-
|}
===ō===
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of ''n'' gender.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="3"| "ō-stems"
|-
| colspan="3"| '''ēvā''' ''f'' gift
|-
! || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
| rowspan="2"|ēvā
| rowspan="3"|ēvāh
|-
! Nominative
|-
! Accusative
| ēvō
|-
! Genitive
| ēvāh
| ēvō
|-
! Dative
| ēvāj
| rowspan="2"|ēvāmah
|-
! Instrumental
| ēvā
|-
|}


===Status===
====2.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="5"| "i-stems"
|-
| colspan="3"| '''astih''' ''m'' guest
| colspan="2"| '''mare''' ''n'' sea
|-
! || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
| astih
| astīh
| mare
| marī
|-
! Nominative
| astih
| astīh
| mare
| marī
|-
! Accusative
| astī
| astinn
| mare
| marī
|-
! Genitive
| astīh
| astjjō
| marīh
| marjō
|-
! Dative
| astī
| astimah
| mare
| marimah
|-
! Instrumental
| astī
| astimah
| mare
| marimah
|-
|}
====3.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| u-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''attuh''' ''m'' hat
| colspan="2"| '''hweho''' ''n'' cattle
|-
! || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
| atto
| attīh
| hweho
| hwehū
|-
! Nominative
| attuh
| attīh
| hweho
| hwehū
|-
! Accusative
| attū
| attunn
| hweho
| hwehū
|-
! Genitive
| attauh
| attjō
| hwehauh
| hwehjō
|-
! Dative
| attī
| attumah
| hwehī
| hwehumah
|-
! Instrumental
| attī
| attumah
| hwehī
| hwehumah
|-
|}
====4.====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| an-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''umā''' ''m'' soldier
| colspan="2"| '''aujā''' ''n'' eye
|-
! || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
|umā
|umnīh
|aujā
|aujānā
|-
! Nominative
|umā
|umnīh
|aujā
|aujānā
|-
! Accusative
|umnū
|umnunn
|aujā
|aujānā
|-
! Genitive
|umnīh
|umnō
|auhnih
|aujanō
|-
! Dative
|umnī
|ummah
|auhnī
|aujamah
|-
! Instrumental
|umnī
|ummah
|auhnī
|aujamah
|-
|}
====5.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| on-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''hwiwalsā''' ''f'' butterfly
|-
! || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
|hwiwalsō
|hwiwalsānih
|-
! Nominative
|hwiwalsā
|hwiwalsānih
|-
! Accusative
|hwiwalsānū
|hwiwalsānunn
|-
! Genitive
|hwiwalsānih
|hwiwalsānō
|-
! Dative
|hwiwalsāne
|hwiwalsāmah
|-
! Instrumental
|hwiwalsāne
|hwiwalsāmah
|-
|}
====6.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| īn-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''hrārī''' ''f'' wisdom
|-
! || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
|hrārī
|hrārīnih
|-
! Nominative
|hrārī
|hrārīnih
|-
! Accusative
|hrārīnū
|hrārīnunn
|-
! Genitive
|hrārīnih
|hrārīnō
|-
! Dative
|hrārīne
|hrārīnāmah
|-
! Instrumental
|hrārīne
|hrārināmah
|-
|}
====7.====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| r-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''māzēr''' ''f'' mother
|-
! || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
|māzer
|māzrih
|-
! Nominative
|māzēr
|māzrih
|-
! Accusative
|māzerū
|māzrunn
|-
! Genitive
|māzur
|māzrō
|-
! Dative
|māzre
|māzrumah
|-
! Instrumental
|māzre
|māzrumah
|-
|}
Alternative declension:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| r-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''māzēr''' ''f'' mother
|-
! || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
|māzerī
|māzrīnih
|-
! Nominative
|māzērī
|māzrīnih
|-
! Accusative
|māzrīnū
|māzrīnunn
|-
! Genitive
|māzrīnih
|māzrīnō
|-
! Dative
|māzrīni
|māzrināmah
|-
! Instrumental
|māzrīne
|māzrīnāmah
|-
|}
====8. z-stems====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="8"| z-stems
|-
| colspan="3"| '''lamhah''' ''n'' lamb
|-
! || Singular || Plural
|-
! Vocative
|lamhah
|lamhirā
|-
! Nominative
|lamhah
|lamhirā
|-
! Accusative
|lamhah
|lamhirā
|-
! Genitive
|lamhirih
|lamhirō
|-
! Dative
|lamhirī
|lamhirumah
|-
! Instrumental
|lamhirī
|lamhirumah
|-
|}
====ix====
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Ending(s)
! Ending(s)
Line 149: Line 545:
| ē
| ē
|}
|}
 
-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;"   
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;"   
<Caption>Early Skājamāl personal pronouns</caption>
<Caption>Early Skājamāl personal pronouns</caption>
Line 190: Line 586:
a uvilammē.
a uvilammē.
</poem>
</poem>
====Waka, Wāran====
<poem>
#Waka Wāran!
#Ērambāt
#Māte hwijannū
#Hwinn sturkī
#Sterrī ak staut!
#Serh annjalausanū derkanū
#Serh gatā stēnō
#Tā annjā!
#Tā daurū!
</poem>
''"Awake Wodan! Pyre-tender! Meet the foe! Find strength! Stand fast and strike! Through endless dark, through gaps of stones. To the end! To death!"''


===Example sentences===
===Example sentences===
Line 198: Line 608:
#: sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *'''gheis-''', cf. Goth. ''usgaisjan'')
#: sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *'''gheis-''', cf. Goth. ''usgaisjan'')
#:: 'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'
#:: 'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'
==Askājaskā naunā==
===sājanaunā===
The adjectives of Skájamál are quite peculiar from a sibling perspective - there is no “strong” or “weak” inflection - instead, adjectives are declined for definiteness by a complex process whose origins lie in the ancient addition of a prefix, ''*ja(i)-'', which is usually reflected as ''a-'' before most consonants and disappears before most vowels. However, sound changes and analogical processes make the resultant system quite tricky to navigate.
#preserved pre-consonantal a-
:'''hwēkwaḥ''' vs. '''ahwēkwaḥ''' (weak)
#iotation and loss
:'''ulsīnaḥ''' vs. '''iulsīnaḥ''' (golden);this results from an original *g being preserved as -j- intervocalically and lost initially.
#preserved lenition
:'''bitraḥ''' vs. '''avitraḥ''' (bitter)
#lenition and loss
:'''batistaḥ'''  vs. '''vatistaḥ''' (best)
===sansanaunā===
==Askājaskā wursā==
===ahwēkwā wursā===
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj
#Innovatio I
:The past tense indicative {{sc|1pl}} marker has replaced the equivalent present indicative marker. So, basically a bunch of verbs look a bit like preterite-presents here.
::e.g. '''aujum''' 'we have' ( from an innovated < *'''habjum''', instead of the expected reflex of PGmc. *'''habjamaz''' which would be **aujamah)
#Innovatio II
:Loss of final -i in the ind. pres. ("weak")
:: '''avajs''' 'you have, he has' ( < *'''''habaiþ''''' <  PGmc. *'''habaiþi''' AND < *'''''habais''''' < PGmc. *'''habaisi''')
::
::{|class="wikitable"
|-
| -jō||-jā
|-
| -aisi||-ajs
|-
| -aiþi||-ajs
|-
| -jum||-jum
|-
| -aiþ||-ajs
|-
| -janþi||-jan
|-
|}
#Innovatio III
: The subclasses of w-Class III merge with the stative -ja- spreading into the factitive in the present, while the factitive -a- forms spread to the past. The past participle is formed with *''-adaz'', present with *''-(i)jandz''
#Innovatio IV
: The spread of -janā to the infinitive from the I and III class to the rest.
::'''wrissājanā''', '''salbājanā'''
====Class I====
=====s-class I=====
A lot of things happen here:
As for *brūkaną, it's moved into class 2b of the strong verbs but keeps weak participle: briūk-, brauk-, brukadaz -> briūk-, brauk, brukara
then, *būanā joins the third weak class as būjanā (būās, būrāze, būra)
====s-class II====
todo
====s-class III====
to a large extent, merged with Class III, with verbs showing alternation between -a- and -i- in the past.
====Class II====
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: wansājanā (kalaš II - 'mažinatiš')
|-
|colspan="6"| ||present participle: wansānn past participle: wansāraḥ ||colspan="6"|
|-
! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive
|-
|colspan="1"| ||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural
|-
| ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third
|-
|present||wansā||'''wansās'''||'''wansās'''||wansām||'''wansās'''||wansān||wansō||'''wansā'''||'''wansā'''||wansām||'''wansā'''||wansān
|-
|past||wansārō||'''wansārē'''||'''wansārē'''||wansārzum||wansārzud||wansārzun||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||wansārzīm||wansārzīd||wansārzīn
|}
====Class III====
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="13"|šemplīas paradịmās: aujanā (kalaš III - 'jèmetiš')
|-
|colspan="6"| ||present participle: aujann past participle: avarah ||colspan="6"|
|-
! ||colspan="6"|indicative||colspan="6"|subjunctive
|-
|colspan="1"| ||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural||colspan="3"|singular||colspan="3"|plural
|-
| ||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third||first||second||third
|-
|present||aujā||'''avajs'''||'''avajs'''||aujum||'''avajs'''||aujan||aujaū||'''aujai'''||'''aujai'''||aujaim||'''aujai'''||aujain
|-
|past||audō||'''audē'''||'''audē'''||audum||audud||audun||'''audērī'''||'''audērī'''||'''audērī'''||audērīm||audērīd||audērīn
|}
===astarkijā wursā===
====Class I====
-ī- -ē- -i- -i-
====Class II====
a) iu - au - u - u
b) iū - au - u - u < '''Innovatio!''' j- ex a)
====Class III====
====Class IV====
====Class V====
====Class VI====
====Class VII====
==Sandhi==
Pronomina often occur in second position (wackernagel), thus sometimes glued onto verb. E.g.
wansā ik → wansājk
wansās sū → wansāru
wansās sa → wansāra


===A man says to another man…===
===A man says to another man…===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/16899...88256"