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User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl/Writeup: Difference between revisions
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Long vowels are marked by an acute accent: ⟨á é í ú⟩. The long vowel⟨í⟩ differs in quality from its short counterpart and is pronounced noticeably higher [iː]. | Long vowels are marked by an acute accent: ⟨á é í ú⟩. The long vowel⟨í⟩ differs in quality from its short counterpart and is pronounced noticeably higher [iː]. | ||
The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised | The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised labio-velar approximant [w̃], ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː], and ⟨hw⟩ represents a voiceless labiovelar approximant [ʍ]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
The Skájamál vowel inventory is relatively small compared to most of its Germanic siblings with relatively few innovations. The innovations present on the other hand strongly set the language apart from all the other Germanic languages. | The Skájamál vowel inventory is relatively small compared to most of its Germanic siblings with relatively few innovations. The innovations present on the other hand strongly set the language apart from all the other Germanic languages. | ||
There are five pairs of vowels distinguished by length and secondarily, quality: /ɑ e ɪ o u/ and /ɑ: e: i: o: u:/. There are four diphthongs in Skájamál: / | There are five pairs of vowels distinguished by length and secondarily, quality: /ɑ e ɪ o u/ and /ɑ: e: i: o: u:/. There are four diphthongs in Skájamál: /ɑi/, /ɑu/, /ei/, /eu/. Of these, /ɑi/, /ei/ and /eu/ contract in stressed syllables to /e:/, /i:/ and /i̯u/. | ||
The mid, front unrounded vowel denoted as /e/ alternates freely between [ɛ] and [e] with no particular preference or conditioning environment seemingly identifiable among speakers. | The mid, front unrounded vowel denoted as /e/ alternates freely between [ɛ] and [e] with no particular preference or conditioning environment seemingly identifiable among speakers. | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. '' | Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. '''''hwá'''''-''záh'', '''''wan'''''-''sás''. In compounds, the first element receives primary stress regularly according to the root accentuation principle, the following element receives a slightly weaker secondary stress, e.g. '''''hrá'''ri'''wi'''nih''. This is however not true with verbal compounds - the stress falls then on the first syllable of the verbal element. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
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=====Short vowel deletion===== | =====Short vowel deletion===== | ||
A process of reduction and deletion of vowels occurs occasionally in polysyllabic words with any syllable flanking the stressed one being most reduced. This is a highly register-dependent process with the most common daily speech evidencing this heavily (40-60% of speech forms undergoing reduction) when compared to the ritual language where its incidence is near zero. In certain words, the process can take rather extreme forms, such as ''hwarha-hwiwalsá'' → ''hwarhwilsá'' ‘moth’ with both «wa» and «ha» syllables being deleted, aggressively reducing the syllable count down to three. | |||
=====Consonant simplification===== | =====Consonant simplification===== | ||
====Historical phonological rules==== | ====Historical phonological rules==== | ||
=====Rhotacisation===== | =====Rhotacisation===== | ||
The early Skájamál ''s'' in intervocalic position was voiced to ''z'', which changed to ''r'' except in those cases where an adjacent syllable already contained an ''r'', e.g. MSK. ''ekozana'' → ''ekorana'' but ''mázér'' → ''mázér''. | |||
=====Siever's law===== | =====Siever's law===== | ||
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====Accusative==== | ====Accusative==== | ||
The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) typically signifies the direct object of a verb or the complement of certain prepositions. With verbs, it's usually the patient role, while with prepositions it is mostly used for motion towards, as in many Indo-European languages. | |||
:''hurizí '''luvó''' aujá'' | |||
:I have love.{{sc|acc}} for you. | |||
Here serving as the accusative of motion to a place | |||
:'''''Anglalanná''' tá hwaris'' | |||
:To England.{{sc|acc}} you go. | |||
Finally, it can be used to express spatial and temporal relations. | |||
:''sa búráze Anglalannán '''srinn ménárunn''''' | |||
:He lived in England three months.{{sc|acc}} | |||
====Dative==== | ====Dative==== | ||
The dative is used to denote the second target argument of many verbs and is used for the comparative construction. | |||
The regular use | |||
:''évájk '''astí''' lamhah'' | |||
:I give guest.{{sc|dat}} lamb.{{sc|acc}} | |||
:I give the guest a lamb. | |||
The dative of comparison | |||
:''hrárínín aziupirá Wáran '''séma''' wah'' | |||
:In wisdom the deeper Odin ''them''.{{sc|dat}} was | |||
:In wisdom the greater of them was Odin | |||
====Genitive==== | ====Genitive==== | ||
====Instrumental==== | ====Instrumental==== | ||