Is Burunking: Difference between revisions
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|| ''ebei'' || assemble, collect, gather || ''eyeki'' || stand | || ''ebei'' || assemble, collect, gather || ''eyeki'' || stand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ebeng'' || put, place, establish || '' | | ''ebeng'' || put, place, establish || ''iji'' || show; appear | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''egaa'' || get, obtain, win; understand || ''ibii'' || move (without reference to path), travel | | ''egaa'' || get, obtain, win; understand || ''ibii'' || move (without reference to path), travel | ||
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| ''ewash'' || descend || ''yuki'' || exit, leave, go out of | | ''ewash'' || descend || ''yuki'' || exit, leave, go out of | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''yus'' || move away, leave, go away | | ''eresh'' || squeeze, press || ''yus'' || move away, leave, go away | ||
|- | |||
| ''ewaging'' || approach, reach, come near to; touch || | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 11:54, 27 November 2017
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Is Burunking (/is buɾˈuŋkiŋ/, literally 'Burungian language') is the language of Burung, an island in the north Atlantic Ocean.
Background
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||||
Fricative | ɸ | s | ʃ | ʐ | ç | h | |
Affricate | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||||
Flap or tap | ɾ | ||||||
Approximant | w | j | |||||
Lateral app. | l |
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
Open | a |
Vowels are considered to be short in all environments but may occur consecutively as in eekez 'left' /ɛːkɛz/. Note that word-initial sequences of i + i and u + uu are written yi-, -wu.
Diphthongs
There are six diphthongs proper: ai /ai/, ei /ei/, oi /oi/, au /au/, eu /eu/ and ou /ou/, which may be considered sequences of vowels in measuring syllables. In addition, any vowel is permitted to occur following the 'glides' /w/ or /j/.
Phonotactics
Is Burunking has a relatively restrictive syllabic structure, with a maximal form CGVVC, in which C represents a consonant, G a glide and V a vowel or diphthong. Of these, only the central vowel is essential but there are restrictions on the other elements also:
C1 | G | V1 | V2 | C2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
The word-final consonants s, sh, ng and z are not permitted to occur before another consonant, so undergo changes in compounds or when consonant-initial endings are added:
- Final -s is lost, the preceding vowel lengthens and a following voiced plosive is devoiced: is 'language, speech' + -do (pejorative) = yito 'curse', os 'cold' + -pung (abstract) = oopung 'coldness'.
- Final -sh is replaced by -i-, forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel (ush > oi, ish > ei, ii), and a following voiced plosive is devoiced: banash 'fruit' + -to (diminutive) = banaito 'berry', ush 'empty' + gyong 'person' = oikyong 'vain person'.
- Final -ng becomes -n- (or -m before p, b, f): gyong 'person' + -zoi (collective) = gyonzoi 'team, band', yong 'smooth' + -pung (abstract) = yompung 'smoothness'.
- Final -z is lost entirely: az 'man' + -chi (adjectival) = achi 'masculine'.
Word-final vowels may also be altered or lost when they come into contact with initial vowels in compounds or endings. In words of three or more syllables, the vowel is always lost, e.g. arato 'food' + -oi (adjectival) = aratoi 'gluttonous', eshayo 'sea' + ugi 'bread' = eshayugi 'seaweed'. Words of two syllables usually lose their final vowel, e.g. binji 'mountain' + arate 'gap' = binjarate 'mountain pass', but when the second word is only one syllable the final vowel sometimes remains, forming a glide in the case of i or u e.g. bigi 'eye' + uz 'water' = bigyuz. In reduplication, the final vowel often remains in disyllables, e.g. aze-aze 'very dark'.
Stress
Primary stress is generally on the penultimate syllable of polysyllables, e.g. berósu 'nine', esháyo 'sea', ázeng 'fish'.
Orthography
Is Burunking was originally written in a syllabary called hookozoi, mainly carved into wood or, occasionally, stone.
When the language was initially discovered by Europeans the Greek alphabet was used in its transcription, but later studies preferred to use the Latin script, which is still used today.
Graph | IPA |
---|---|
Consonants | |
b | /b/ |
ch | /t͡ʃ/ |
d | /d/ |
f | /ɸ/ |
g | /g/ |
h | /h/ |
j | /d͡ʒ/ |
k | /k/ |
l | /l/ |
m | /m/ |
n | /n/ |
ng | /ŋ/ |
p | /p/ |
r | /r/ |
s | /s/ |
sh | /ʃ/ |
t | /t/ |
w | /w/ |
x | /ç/ |
y | /j/ |
Vowels | |
a | /a/ |
e | /ɛ/ |
i | /i/ |
o | /ɔ/ |
u | /u/ |
Diphthongs | |
ai | /ai/ |
au | /au/ |
ei | /ei/ |
eu | /eu/ |
oi | /oi/ |
ou | /ou/ |
In word or syllable initial position the sequences ii, uu are written yi, wu. The glide /j/ is always written y but /w/ is written u following a consonant and w syllable initially.
Grammar
Nouns
Gender
Nouns are classified as either animate (bihi) or inanimate (es bihi) and animate nouns belong to one of three genders: masculine (achi), feminine (buyachi) or common (iziji). Inclusion within a class is based to a large extent on natural gender.
Animate | Masculine |
|
---|---|---|
Feminine |
| |
Common |
| |
Inanimate |
|
These gender distinctions have a limited effect on the morphology of nouns themselves but affect the way other words behave.
Number
Nouns are generally not marked for number and context is usually sufficient to show whether heuji means 'horse' or 'horses'. Numerals or adjectives can be used to qualify the noun for number, e.g. bade oz 'one dog, a dog'.
There are two collective suffixes, which may sometimes translate the English plural: -zoi is used to refer to a group of things, usually within a single place, e.g. gyonzoi 'band, group, team of people', heujizoi 'a herd of horses'; -bua is more abstract, referring to all things within a class collectively and also to the state of being an object within that class, similar in some ways to the English suffix '-hood' in a word like 'priesthood', e.g. gyombua 'everybody, humanity, humankind, population', binjibua 'mountains'. Both of these suffixes are productive, though in some cases the noun with the suffix has taken on a specialised meaning as in azoi 'council, assembly' from az 'man'. Reduplication may also be used to express a large group of something, often with an intensive meaning, e.g. gyongyong 'crowd, mass of people', yaiyai 'storm' (from yai 'wind').
Adjectives
Pronouns
Personal
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | inclusive | ni | boro |
exclusive | bu | ||
2 | yi | fu | |
3 | masculine | ngane | xinxing |
feminine | nepa | ||
common |
There are no inanimate forms, the demonstrative pronouns being used instead.
Possessives may be formed with the postposition go, e.g. ni go yata 'my father', xing go eshe 'its house'. The phrase go buru is used with the pronouns to create reflexive pronouns, e.g. yi go buru 'yourself',
Demonstrative
this | waz |
---|---|
that (non-distal) | uri |
that (distal) | az |
The demonstratives may be used attributively following the noun, e.g. az waz 'this man', xagaz uri 'that apple', binji az 'that mountain'. With uki they form the equivalent adverbs of place: uki waz 'here', uki uri 'there', uki az 'there (distal)'.
Interrogative
Interrogative pronouns and adverbs are formed with the prefix n(o)- and a nominal element:
what | nohez |
---|---|
who | nogyong |
where | nuki |
how | nobide |
why | nonaze |
when | neuji |
These interrogatives may take postpositions such as nogyong go 'whose'
Indefinite
Indefinite pronouns are formed using the same nominal elements as the interrogative pronouns, but with different affixes.
some- (-do) |
any- (eno-) |
every- (-bua) | |
---|---|---|---|
-thing | hedo | enohez | hebua |
-one, -body | gyondo | enogyong | gyombua |
-where | ukido | enuki | ukibua |
-how | bidedo | enobide | bidebua |
(reason) | nazedo | enonaze | nazebua |
-time | eujido | eneuji | eujibua |
The 'any-' forms are also used as the equivalent of English pronouns with '-ever', e.g. enobide 'however', enogyong 'whoever'. They are also employed in negative sentences to mean 'no-one', 'nowhere' etc.
Verbs
Verbs fall into two categories: primary verbs are those which are not derived from other parts of speech, and are relatively few in number and secondary verbs are compounds of a primary verb with another part of speech.
Primary Verbs
Primary verbs consist of a prefix and a root. In the base form of the verb, the prefix is e-, i- or y- and bears no particular meaning. The following are the main primary verbs:
eba | cut, chop, hew | exaz | enter, penetrate, go in |
ebang | give, transfer, exchange, connect | exoz | beget, produce, create |
ebei | assemble, collect, gather | eyeki | stand |
ebeng | put, place, establish | iji | show; appear |
egaa | get, obtain, win; understand | ibii | move (without reference to path), travel |
egang | ascend, go up, climb; improve | iging | make, do |
egong | stay, wait, continue, remain, rest | ilu | die, break, stop, cease |
egos | shoot, throw, cast | iluaz | spread, scatter, distribute, disperse |
egosh | heat, cook, boil | ilung | have, hold, contain, use, enjoy |
ekash | learn | inua | (make) sound, speak |
elaz | divide, split, undo | ipush | perceive, know, see |
ero | hit, strike | izung | expel, defecate, throw out |
esuang | lie down | yang | consume, eat, take in |
etoz | come, move towards (speaker) | yata | happen, occur |
ewang | go, move away from (speaker) | yehang | be, exist, live |
ewas | step, pace, tread | yosh | pierce, stab, puncture |
ewash | descend | yuki | exit, leave, go out of |
eresh | squeeze, press | yus | move away, leave, go away |
ewaging | approach, reach, come near to; touch |
The base prefix is lost in composition, e.g. yipupush "touch, feel" < yipu + ipush. It may be replaced by era- (ra- in composition) to indicate a causative, e.g. eralu "cause to die, kill". An intensive or frequentative sense is obtained by reduplicating all or part of the root, e.g. yangang "devour", etotoz "rush towards".
Secondary Verbs
Secondary forms make up the vast majority of verb forms in Is Burunking. They may be composed of a primary verb preceded by a noun, adjective, adverb or another primary verb.
Conjugation
Verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood and transitivity by means of particles that follow the main verb. Verbs may be transitive or intransitive; they may be indicative, hypothetical or imperative; and they may be past or present. Verbs are not marked for either person or number.
There are two sets of particles: da particles are used with intransitive verbs and zu particles with transitive and causative verbs. The choice of da or zu is semantically motivated, so that a single verb form can take either depending on the sense intended, e.g. iluaz da "spreads (itself) out" vs. iluaz zu "spreads, scatters".
Function | Intransitive | Transitive |
---|---|---|
Present | da | zu |
Past | heng | fong |
Hypothetical | li | lu |
Imperative | bii | byo |
Postpositions
Derivation
Derivation is carried out using a number of suffixes and independent particles, and by compounding.
Suffix | Use | Example |
---|---|---|
Adjectives | ||
-chi | of, like, pertaining to | buyachi 'feminine, female' |
-fu | full of, covered with, made of | uzefu 'golden' |
-king | of, like, pertaining to | Burunking 'of Burung' |
-oi | tending to, fond of | aratoi 'gluttonous' |
Nouns | ||
-bua | collective, abstract | bidebua 'route' |
-daz | person or thing from | eshayodaz 'foreigner' (lit. sea-dweller) |
-do | pejorative | izido 'mocking laughter' |
-ko | instrument, person connected with | onuuko 'goatherder' |
-le | agent | erole 'killer' |
-no | diminutive (often pejorative) | ano 'coward' |
-pung | abstracts states, conditions | buchipung 'smallness' |
-te | continual or chronic states | izite 'sickness' |
-to | diminutive | hizito 'piglet' |
-zoi | collective, group | eshezoi 'settlement' |
Syntax
Vocabulary
Swadesh List