Lees'hin: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
| Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot  || teãbãõkhéimotii  
| Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot  || teãbãõkhéimotii  
|}
Reflexive pronoun
c'hug(-self)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! Singular !!
|-
| Nominative || - ||
|-
| Genitive || c'hug ||
|-
| Dative || c'huga ||
|-
| Accusative || c'hug ||
|-
| Vocative || - ||
|-
| Instrumental || c'hugot ||
|}
|}
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
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! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| Nominative || nhal || nhalii
|-
| Genitive || nhale || nhaleii
|-
| Dative || nhali || nhaliii
|-
| Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii
|-
| Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii
|-
| Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii
|}
jhav(that)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii
|-
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii
|-
| Dative || jhava|| jhavaii
|-
| Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii
|-
| Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii
|-
| Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii
|-
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii
|-
| Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii
|-
| Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii
|-
| Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii
|-
| Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii
|-
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii
|-
| Dative || jhavi || jhaviii
|-
| Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii
|-
| Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii
|-
| Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii
|}
Interrogative pronouns
thãz((who)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Singular
|-
| Nominative|| thãz
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| Genitive || thãze
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| Dative || thãza
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| Accusative || thãzat
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| Vocative || -
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example
| Instrumental || thãzot
|}
|}
yaaj(what)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! Singular
|-
| Nominative || yaaj
|-
| Genitive || yaaje
|-
| Dative || yaaja
|-
| Accusative || yaajat
|-
| Vocative || -
|-
| Instrumental || yaajot
|}
Relative pronouns
abhõp(which)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii
|-
| Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii
|-
| Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa
|-
| Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
| Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii
|-
| Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii
|-
| Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii
|-
| Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
| Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii
|-
| Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii
|-
| Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii
|-
| Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii
|-
| Vocative || - || -
|-
| Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii
|}
Indefinite pronouns:
guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)
pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)
s'him(all) etc.
Adjectives
Adjectives
Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.
Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.
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For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír  or ka ganõm.
For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír  or ka ganõm.
Verbs
Verbs
Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu
Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu
Regular conjugation:
Regular conjugation:
 
to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh  !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh  !! teãbãõkhé !!
|-
| Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh
|-
| Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh
|-
| Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh
|-
| Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko
|-
| Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-
  euhanh õnhakako-euko
|-
| Future I ||õnhakaba-euba  || õnhakabay-eubay  || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo  || õnhakabayot-eubayot  || õnhakabanh-eubanh 
|-
| Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh
  õnhakako-euko
|-
| Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh
|-
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-
  eumúnh õnhakako-euko
|}
Subjanctive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!        !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh  !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh
|-
| Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh
|-
| Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko
|-
| Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh
  õnhakako-euko
|-
| Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét  || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo  || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot  || õnhakabénh-eubénh
|}
Imperative
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!      !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé
|-
| Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euéyo || õnhakéyot-euéyot  || -
|}
Adverbs
Adverbs
Particles
Particles

Revision as of 06:07, 19 December 2017


Introduction

Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.



Phonology

Orthography

Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.

Letter Name of letter
a akú
ã a kamã
á a acún
b bãh
bh abhú
c ca
ch cha
c'h ac'ha
d da
dh adhe
e ekú
é e acún
f fa
fh efhe
g gu
gh aghe
h hu
i ikú
í i acún
j ja
jh jhe
j'h aj'he
k kã
kh akhã
l la
lh lha
l'h al'he
m ma
mh amhe
n ne
nh nhe
n'h an'he
o okú
õ o kamã
ó o acún
p pu
ph aphú
q qu
qh aqhú
r ra
rh arha
s se
sh she
s'h as'hé
t tan
th athan
u ukú
ú u acún
v vãku
vh vhãku
y yun
z za
zh azha

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nh /ɲ/ n /ŋ/
Plosive p /p/ b /b/ t /t/ d /d/ k /k/ g /g/ q /q/
Affricate c /t͡s/ ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/
Fricative f /f/ v /v/ s /s/ z /z/ sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ *(')h /x/ h /h/
Approximant y /j/
Trill r /r/
Lateral app. l /l/ lh /ʎ/
  • (')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, í /i/ u, ú /u/
Close-mid e, é /e/ õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/
Mid ã /ə/
Open a, á /a/

Prosody

Stress

Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.

Intonation

Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.

Phonotactics

In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.

Morphology

Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.


Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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