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Line 9: Line 9:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || die
|}
|}


Line 21: Line 21:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| kiveli-ewn || sõwdla  
| kùevòelùun || sõwdla  
|-
|-
|  kiɥeliʔeuɴ || sɔudɮa
|  kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || sɔudɮa
|-
|-
| die.VFCS || soldier.ABS
| die  || soldier.ABS
|}
|}


Line 37: Line 37:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is hunting frogs.
A soldier is hunting frogs.
Line 51: Line 51:
| wùerù || sõwdlan || ameraykùe
| wùerù || sõwdlan || ameraykùe
|-
|-
| wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨɦ
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The frogs are being hunted by a soldier.
The frogs are being hunted by a soldier.
Line 65: Line 65:
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
The soldier is hunting frogs.
The soldier is hunting frogs.
Line 73: Line 73:


Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla ameraykùe" are ungrammatical.
Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla ameraykùe" are ungrammatical.
====Indirect Verbs====
When the topic is neither the subject nor object of a verb, it must be placed in the indirect form e.g.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| today || sõwdlan || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| todai || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || wɨʱʁuʱ
|-
| today.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.INDIR || frog.ABS
|}
Today a soldier is hunting frogs.
Since the topic "today", is neither the subject nor object of the verb meaning "to hunt", the verb must be placed in the indirect form. Sentences such as "today sõwdlan ameraeykùe wùerù" are ungrammatical.
Also, since sentences can only contain one topic, neither the word for "soldier" nor "frog" can be topicalised (the slot is already occupied by the word for "today"). Hence both "today sõwdla ameraeychu wùerù" and "today wùerù sõwdlan ameraeychu" are ungrammatical.




Line 83: Line 105:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || wawùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || wawùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || wawɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns).
The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns).
Line 94: Line 116:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || siwùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || siwùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || siwɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || 3POSS-frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || 3POSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns).
The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns).
Line 113: Line 135:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wawùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wawùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨɦ || wawɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || TPCPOSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
Line 124: Line 146:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || siwùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || siwùerù
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨɦ || siwɨɦʁuɦ
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || 3POSS-frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || 3POSS-frog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).
Line 136: Line 158:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sáeynátqóey || waesõwdlan || ameraeychu
| sáeynátqlóey || waesõwdlan || ameraykùe
|-
|-
| sɛiʔnaʔtʼɘiʔ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu
| sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
|-
|-
| general.ABS || TPCPOSS-soldier-ERG || hunt.VFCS
| general.ABS || TPCPOSS-soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers.
The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers.
Line 147: Line 169:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sáeynátqóey || suesõwdlan || ameraeychu
| sáeynátqlóey || suesõwdlan || ameraykùe
|-
|-
| sɛiʔnaʔtʼɘiʔ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu
| sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ
|-
|-
| general.ABS || 3POSS-soldier-ERG || hunt.VFCS
| general.ABS || 3POSS-soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own).
The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own).
Line 163: Line 185:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byaenka || damaehlu || sõwdla || wáetow || kaen-guchi || wabiraza
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || wabiraza
|-
|-
| bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kɛɴguci || wabiʁaza
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || wabiʁaza
|-
|-
| banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || TPCPOSS-brother  
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || TPCPOSS-brother.ABS
|}
|}
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).
Line 177: Line 199:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byaenka || damaehlu || sõwdla || wáetow || kaen-guchi || sibiraza
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || sibiraza
|-
|-
| bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kɛɴguci || sibiʁaza
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || sibiʁaza
|-
|-
| banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || 3POSS-brother  
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || 3POSS-brother.ABS
|}
|}
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.
Line 188: Line 210:
In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother).
In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother).


=====Indirect Verbs=====
However, when an indirect verb is used (because the topic is neither its subject nor object), this implicit topicalisation does not happen. So the following sentence could have multiple meanings:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| today || byaenkan || damaehlu || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || sibiraza
|-
| todai || bʲɛɴkaɴ || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || sibiʁaza
|-
| today.ABS || banker-ERG || swindle.INDIR || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || 3POSS-brother.ABS
|}
Today, a banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (his brother could be anyone's brother).
Using the topic possessive prefix wa- to say "today byaenkan damaehlu sõwdla wáetow kan-gukùe wabiraza" would not make sense, since "today" cannot have a brother.


===Serial Verbs===
===Serial Verbs===
Line 199: Line 240:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || byowchi-i || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || byowkùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || sick.VFCS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || sick || die
|}
|}
The soldier got sick and died.
The soldier got sick and died.
Line 213: Line 254:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byowchi-i || sõwdla  || kiveli-ewn
| byowkùe || sõwdla  || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| bʲouciʔi || sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| bʲoukɨʱ || sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| sick.VFCS || soldier.ABS || die.VFCS
| sick || soldier.ABS || die
|}
|}
The soldier got sick and died.
The soldier got sick and died.
Line 227: Line 268:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || byowchi-i || sàon-gùe || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || byowkùe|| sàonkùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || sɜɦɴgɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || sɜʱɴkɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || sick.VFCS || bleed.VFCS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || sick|| bleed || die
|}
|}
The soldier got sick, bled, and died.
The soldier got sick, bled, and died.


====Transitive Verbs====
====Transitive Verbs====
Line 243: Line 283:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || bite.NFCS || frog.ABS || die.VFCS
| soldier-ERG || bite || frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
A soldier bit a frog and it died.
A soldier bit a frog and it died.
Line 256: Line 296:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || bite.NFCS || frog.ABS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || bite || frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit a frog and it died.
The soldier bit a frog and it died.
Line 270: Line 310:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kiveli-ewn
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite.NFCS || die.VFCS
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite || die
|}
|}
The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died.
The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died.
Line 285: Line 325:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || 'kówràomùe || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ
| sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite.VFCS || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit it and died.
The soldier bit it and died.
Line 300: Line 340:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| 'kówràomùe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kiveli-ewn
| kutiràomùesòe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| kou&#660;&#641;&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628; || &#626;&#616;&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| <PFV.AP>bite.NFCS || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die.VFCS
| <PFV.AP>bite || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die
|}
|}
A soldier bit a frog and died.
A soldier bit a frog and died.
Line 314: Line 354:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || 'kówràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kiveli-ewn
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || kou&#660;&#641;&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;s&#600;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628; || &#626;&#616;&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite.VFCS || frog-ERG || OBL || die.VFCS
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || frog-ERG || OBL || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit a frog and died.
The soldier bit a frog and died.
Line 328: Line 368:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || 'kówràomùesòe || kiveli-ewn
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628; || &#626;&#616;&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || kou&#660;&#641;&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;s&#600;&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite.VFCS || die.VFCS
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
|}
|}
The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical)
The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical)
Line 344: Line 384:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wuebyowchi-i || wuekiveli-ewn
| wuebyowkùe || wikùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;b&#690;ouci&#660;i || w&#616;ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;b&#690;ouk&#616;&#689;i || wik&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick.VFCS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die.VFCS
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
|}
|}
We (including you) will get sick and die.
We (including you) will get sick and die.
Line 358: Line 398:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wuekiveli-ewn
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wikùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || w&#616;ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || w&#616;k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite.VFCS || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die.VFCS
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
|}
|}
We (including you) will bite a frog and die.
We (including you) will bite a frog and die.
Line 372: Line 412:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite.VFCS || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die.VFCS
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.
Line 382: Line 422:


Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice.
Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice.


===Relative Clauses===
===Relative Clauses===


These follow the noun they modify. There are no relative pronouns or relativising particles. However, the accessibility hierarchy is very important in Antarctican ({{lg|Relative_clause#Accessibility_hierarchy}}). Only absolutive arguments (objects of transitive verbs and subjects of intransitive verbs) can be relativised. So the following two phrases are grammatical:
These follow the noun they modify. There are no relative pronouns or relativising particles. However, if the verb in the relative clause is transitive, the head noun can only ever be the object of it, never the subject. So the following two sentences are grammatical.




{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn
| wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
The frog, which died.
The frog, which died.
Line 404: Line 443:
| wùerù || sõwdlan || ameraykùe
| wùerù || sõwdlan || ameraykùe
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt
|}
|}
The frogs the soldier hunted.
The frogs the soldier hunted.
Line 418: Line 457:
| sõwdla || utameraykùe || wùerù || `nyùe
| sõwdla || utameraykùe || wùerù || `nyùe
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || &#626;&#616;&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || OBL
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt || frog.ABS || OBL
|}
|}
The soldier that hunted frogs.
The soldier that hunted frogs.
Line 432: Line 471:
| sõwdla || utameraykùe
| sõwdla || utameraykùe
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;utame&#641;aik&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt.NFCS
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>hunt
|}
|}
The soldier that hunted.
The soldier that hunted.
====Indirect Verbs====
If the head noun of the relative clause is neither the subject nor the object of the verb in the relative clause, then that verb takes the indirect form e.g.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| manyana || sõwdlan || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| ma&#626;ana || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || utame&#641;&#603;icu || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
| morning.ABS || soldier-ERG|| hunt.INDIR || frog.ABS
|}
The morning the soldier hunted frogs.




Line 452: Line 508:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Line 463: Line 519:
| sõwdlan || nõ || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdlan || nõ || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || n&#596; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || n&#596; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
 
 
Either the noun-focus form of the verb (as above), or the verb-focus form can be used e.g.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sõwdlan || nõ || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || n&#596; || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || NEG.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.
Line 491: Line 533:
| nõ || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
| nõ || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| NEG.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).
''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).
Line 502: Line 544:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || nõ || wùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || nõ || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || n&#596; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || n&#596; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || NEG.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).
Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "ameraykùe" here would be ungrammatical.




Line 519: Line 558:
| nõ || sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù
| nõ || sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| n&#596; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| NEG.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}


Line 527: Line 566:
====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)====
====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)====


This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g.
This is always placed after a verb. It is used for negation with emphasis on the verb e.g.




{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || nay || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || nay || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || nai || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || nai || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || NEG.SPFC|| frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).
Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).
Line 546: Line 585:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || red
|}
|}
The frog, which died, was red.
The frog, which died, was red.
Line 557: Line 596:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || nay || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || nay || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || nai || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || nai || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || NEG.SPFC || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || NEG.SPFC || red
|}
|}
The frog, which didn't die, was red.
The frog, which didn't die, was red.
Line 571: Line 610:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Line 582: Line 621:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || nay
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || nay
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a || nai
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689; || nai
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || NEG.SPFC
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || NEG.SPFC
|}
|}
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).
Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).


===Polar Questions===
===Polar Questions===
Line 605: Line 643:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Soldiers are hunting frogs.
Line 616: Line 654:
| sõwdlan || du || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdlan || du || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || du || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || du || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
|}
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
 
 
Either the noun-focus form of the verb (as above), or the verb-focus form can be used e.g.
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| sõwdlan || du || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || du || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt.VFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || INT.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Are soldiers hunting frogs?
Line 644: Line 668:
| du || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
| du || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| INT.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?
Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?
Line 655: Line 679:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || du || wùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || du || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || du || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || du || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || INT.GEN || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || INT.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?
Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "ameraykùe" here would be ungrammatical.




Line 672: Line 693:
| du || sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù
| du || sõwdla || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| du || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| INT.GEN || soldier.ABS || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}


Line 680: Line 701:
====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)====
====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)====


This is always placed after a verb, which must be in the verb-focus form. It is used when the noun's involvement in the event is not in question, rather the question is about what the action was e.g.
This is always placed after a verb. It is used when the noun's involvement in the event is not in question, rather the question is about what the action was e.g.




{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || ka || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || ka || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || ka || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || ka || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || INT.SPFC || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?
Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?
Line 699: Line 720:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || red
|}
|}
The frog, which died, was red.
The frog, which died, was red.
Line 710: Line 731:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || ka || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || ka || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || ka || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || ka || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || INT.SPFC || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || INT.SPFC || red
|}
|}
Was it the frog that died that was red?
Was it the frog that died that was red?
Line 724: Line 745:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Soldiers are hunting red frogs.
Line 735: Line 756:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sowdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || ka
| sowdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || ka
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a || ka
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689; || ka
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || INT.SPFC
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || INT.SPFC
|}
|}
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?
Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?
Line 771: Line 792:
| sõwdlan || duku || ameraykùe || wùerù
| sõwdlan || duku || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || duku || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || duku || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || where.GEN || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs?
Where are soldiers are hunting frogs?
Line 782: Line 803:
| duku || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
| duku || sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù
|-
|-
| duku || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| duku || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS
| where.GEN || soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs?
Soldiers from where are hunting frogs?
Line 793: Line 814:
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || duku || wùerù
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || duku || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628;|| &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || duku || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628;|| &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || duku || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || where.GEN || frog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || hunt || where.GEN || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where?
Soldiers are hunting frogs from where?
Line 805: Line 826:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdla || ameraeychu || tovi || wùerù
| sõwdla || ameraykùe || tovi || wùerù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;&#603;icu || tu&#613;i || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || tu&#613;i || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || hunt.VFCS || where.SPFC || frog.ABS
| soldier.ABS || hunt || where.SPFC || frog.ABS
|}
|}
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)?
Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)?
Line 816: Line 837:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wùerù || kiveli-ewn || tovi || `ròedla
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || tovi || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628; || tu&#613;i || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || tu&#613;i || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die.VFCS || where.SPFC || red.VFCS
| frog.ABS || die || where.SPFC || red
|}
|}
The frog that died where was red?
The frog that died where was red?
Line 827: Line 848:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || tovi  
| sõwdlan || ameraykùe || wùerù || `ròedù || tovi  
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#614; || w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614; || &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;a || tu&#613;i  
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;ame&#641;aik&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689; || tu&#613;i  
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || hunt.NFCS || frog.ABS || red.VFCS || where.SPFC
| soldier-ERG || hunt || frog.ABS || red || where.SPFC
|}
|}
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)?
Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)?
Line 845: Line 866:
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#614; || jini
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || give.NFCS || dog.ABS
| soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is giving (something to) a dog.
A soldier is giving (something to) a dog.
Line 862: Line 883:
| asàoy || sõwdla
| asàoy || sõwdla
|-
|-
| &#660;as&#604;i&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;
| &#660;as&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;
|-
|-
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give || soldier.ABS
|}
|}
A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you).
A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you).




If we want to introduce the Theme (whatever is being given), the default construction places it in the ergative case, followed by `wù /wu&#614;/ and after the recipient e.g.
If we want to introduce the Theme (whatever is being given), the default construction places it in the ergative case, followed by `wù /wu&#689;/ and after the recipient e.g.




Line 876: Line 897:
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini || aaehaan-ga || `wù
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini || aaehaan-ga || `wù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#614; || jini || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || wu&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || give.NFCS || dog.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
| soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving food to a dog.
A soldier is giving food to a dog.
Line 887: Line 908:
| asàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù
| asàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù
|-
|-
| &#660;as&#604;i&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || wu&#614;
| &#660;as&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>give || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving us food.
A soldier is giving us food.
Line 901: Line 922:
| àomàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù
| àomàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù
|-
|-
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || wu&#614;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622; || &#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;ga || &#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || food-ERG || THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving food.
A soldier is giving food.
Line 918: Line 939:
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini || `wòewù
| sõwdlan || àoy || yini || `wòewù
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#614; || jini || w&#600;&#614;wu&#614;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || &#660;&#604;i&#689; || jini || &#689;w&#600;&#689;wu&#689;
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || give.NFCS || dog.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
| soldier-ERG || give || dog.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog.
A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog.
Line 932: Line 953:
| àomàoy || sõwdla || `wòewù
| àomàoy || sõwdla || `wòewù
|-
|-
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#600;&#614;wu&#614;;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#689;w&#600;&#689;wu&#689;;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PRES>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier is giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier is giving us (to something / someone).
Line 946: Line 967:
| àomàoy || sõwdla || chùewù
| àomàoy || sõwdla || chùewù
|-
|-
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || c&#616;&#614;wu&#614;;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || c&#616;&#689;wu&#689;;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PAST>THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.PAST>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier was giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier was giving us (to something / someone).
Line 957: Line 978:
| àomàoy || sõwdla || `wùewù
| àomàoy || sõwdla || `wùewù
|-
|-
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#614; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#614;wu&#614;;
| &#660;&#604;m&#604;i&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || &#689;w&#616;&#689;wu&#689;;
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>give.NFCS || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.FUT>THEME
| <IMPV.AP>give || soldier.ABS || <1PS.INCL.FUT>THEME
|}
|}
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).
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[[Category:Antarctican]]
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