Antarctican/Syntax: Difference between revisions

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| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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A soldier is hunting frogs.

| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ

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The frogs are being hunted by a soldier.

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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The soldier is hunting frogs.

Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla ameraykùe" are ungrammatical.

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The soldier is hunting his frogs (i.e. the ones that the soldier owns).

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The soldier is hunting his / her frogs (that someone else other than the soldier owns).

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wawɨʱʁuʱ

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A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (not belonging to the soldier, but to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || siwɨʱʁuʱ

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A soldier is hunting his / her frogs (This sentence is ambiguous, but most likely the frogs belong to the soldier, and definitely not to whoever / whatever has been taken up as a topic previously).

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The general is being hunted by his (own) soldiers.

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The general is being hunted by his / her soldiers (not his own).

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The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).

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The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.

In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother).

===Serial Verbs===

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The soldier got sick and died.

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The soldier got sick and died.

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The soldier got sick, bled, and died.

====Transitive Verbs====

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A soldier bit a frog and it died.

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The soldier bit a frog and it died.

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The frog was bitten by a soldier and (it) died.

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The soldier bit it and died.

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A soldier bit a frog and died.

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The soldier bit a frog and died.

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The soldier bit a frog and died. (ungrammatical)

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We (including you) will get sick and die.

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We (including you) will bite a frog and die.

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We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.

Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice.

===Relative Clauses===

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The frog, which died.

| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ

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The frogs the soldier hunted.

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || ʱɲɨʱ

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The soldier that hunted frogs.

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutameʁaikɨʱ

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The soldier that hunted.

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Soldiers are hunting frogs.

| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Soldiers aren't hunting frogs.

| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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''Soldiers'' aren't hunting frogs (but someone else is).

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || nɔ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Soldiers aren't hunting ''frogs'' (but they are hunting something else).

| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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====The Particle nay /nai/ (Specific Negation)====

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Soldiers aren't ''hunting'' frogs (but they are doing something else to them).

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The frog, which died, was red.

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The frog, which didn't die, was red.

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Soldiers are hunting red frogs.

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Soldiers aren't hunting ''red'' frogs (maybe they're hunting another colour).

===Polar Questions===

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Soldiers are hunting frogs.

| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Are soldiers hunting frogs?

| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Are ''soldiers'' hunting frogs (or is it someone else)?

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || du || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Are soldiers hunting ''frogs'' (or something else)?

| du || sɔudɮa || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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====The Particle ka (Specific Interrogative)====

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Are soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (or doing something else to them)?

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The frog, which died, was red.

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Was it the frog that died that was red?

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Soldiers are hunting red frogs.

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Are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (or another colour)?

| sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Where are soldiers are hunting frogs?

| duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁaikɨʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Soldiers from where are hunting frogs?

| sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔameʁaikɨʱ || duku || wɨʱʁuʱ

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Soldiers are hunting frogs from where?

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Where are the soldiers ''hunting'' frogs (not doing anything else to them)?

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The frog that died where was red?

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Where are soldiers hunting ''red'' frogs (as opposed to some other colour)?

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiʱ || jini

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A soldier is giving (something to) a dog.

| ʔasɜiʱ || sɔudɮ

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A soldier is giving (something to) us (including you).

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiʱ || jini || ʔɛːχaːɴga || ʱwuʱ

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A soldier is giving food to a dog.

| ʔasɜiʱ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || ʱwuʱ

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A soldier is giving us food.

| ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || ʱwuʱ

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A soldier is giving food.

| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiʱ || jini || ʱwɘʱwuʱ

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A soldier is giving us (including you) to a dog.

| ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮa || ʱwɘʱwuʱ;

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A soldier is giving us (to something / someone).

| ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮa || cɨʱwuʱ;

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A soldier was giving us (to something / someone).

| ʔɜmɜiʱ || sɔudɮa || ʱwɨʱwuʱ;

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A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).