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Line 11: Line 11:
| sõwdla || kùevòelùun
| sõwdla || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || die
| soldier.ABS || die
Line 23: Line 23:
| kùevòelùun || sõwdla  
| kùevòelùun || sõwdla  
|-
|-
|  kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ || sɔudɮa
|  kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ || sɔudɮa
|-
|-
| die  || soldier.ABS
| die  || soldier.ABS
Line 73: Line 73:


Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla ameraykùe" are ungrammatical.
Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla ameraykùe" are ungrammatical.
====Indirect Verbs====
When the topic is neither the subject nor object of a verb, it must be placed in the indirect form e.g.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| today || sõwdlan || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| todai || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔameʁɛicu || wɨʱʁuʱ
|-
| today.ABS || soldier-ERG || hunt.INDIR || frog.ABS
|}
Today a soldier is hunting frogs.
Since the topic "today", is neither the subject nor object of the verb meaning "to hunt", the verb must be placed in the indirect form. Sentences such as "today sõwdlan ameraeykùe wùerù" are ungrammatical.
Also, since sentences can only contain one topic, neither the word for "soldier" nor "frog" can be topicalised (the slot is already occupied by the word for "today"). Hence both "today sõwdla ameraeychu wùerù" and "today wùerù sõwdlan ameraeychu" are ungrammatical.




Line 163: Line 185:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || wáetow || kan-gukùe || wabiraza
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || wabiraza
|-
|-
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kaɴgukɨʱ || wabiʁaza
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || wabiʁaza
|-
|-
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner || TPCPOSS-brother  
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || TPCPOSS-brother.ABS
|}
|}
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (the soldier's brother).
Line 177: Line 199:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || wáetow || kan-gukùe || sibiraza
| byaenka || damasùe || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || sibiraza
|-
|-
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kaɴgukɨʱ || sibiʁaza
| bʲɛɴka || damasɨʱ || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || sibiʁaza
|-
|-
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner || 3POSS-brother  
| banker.ABS || swindle || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || 3POSS-brother.ABS
|}
|}
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.
The banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison.
Line 188: Line 210:
In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother).
In this case, it is not the soldier's brother that is in prison (most likely the banker's brother).


=====Indirect Verbs=====
However, when an indirect verb is used (because the topic is neither its subject nor object), this implicit topicalisation does not happen. So the following sentence could have multiple meanings:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| today || byaenkan || damaehlu || sõwdla || 'wáetow || kan-guchu || sibiraza
|-
| todai || bʲɛɴkaɴ || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || ˤwɛˤtou || kaɴgucu || sibiʁaza
|-
| today.ABS || banker-ERG || swindle.INDIR || soldier.ABS || occur during || be a prisoner.INDIR || 3POSS-brother.ABS
|}
Today, a banker swindled the soldier while his brother was in prison (his brother could be anyone's brother).
Using the topic possessive prefix wa- to say "today byaenkan damaehlu sõwdla wáetow kan-gukùe wabiraza" would not make sense, since "today" cannot have a brother.


===Serial Verbs===
===Serial Verbs===
Line 201: Line 242:
| sõwdla || byowkùe || kùevòelùun
| sõwdla || byowkùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| sɔudɮa || bʲoukɨʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || sick || die
| soldier.ABS || sick || die
Line 215: Line 256:
| byowkùe || sõwdla  || kùevòelùun
| byowkùe || sõwdla  || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| bʲoukɨʱ || sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| bʲoukɨʱ || sɔudɮa || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| sick || soldier.ABS || die
| sick || soldier.ABS || die
Line 244: Line 285:
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
| sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier-ERG || bite || frog.ABS || die
| soldier-ERG || bite || frog.ABS || die
Line 257: Line 298:
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
| sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || wɨʱʁuʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || bite || frog.ABS || die
| soldier.ABS || bite || frog.ABS || die
Line 271: Line 312:
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
| wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| wɨʱʁuʱ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite || die
| frog.ABS || soldier-ERG || bite || die
Line 286: Line 327:
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːɴʱ
| sɔudɮa || kutiʁɜʱmɨʱsɘʱ || kɨʱɥɘʱluːʱɴ
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
Line 301: Line 342:
| kutiràomùesòe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
| kutiràomùesòe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| <PFV.AP>bite || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die
| <PFV.AP>bite || soldier.ABS || frog-ERG || OBL || die
Line 315: Line 356:
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
| sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || frog-ERG || OBL || die
| soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || frog-ERG || OBL || die
Line 329: Line 370:
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || kutiràomùesòe || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;gi&#628; || &#689;&#626;&#616;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || kuti&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689;s&#600;&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
| frog-ERG || OBL || soldier.ABS || <PFV.AP>bite || die
Line 345: Line 386:
| wuebyowkùe || wikùevòelùun
| wuebyowkùe || wikùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;b&#690;ouk&#616;&#689;i || wik&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| w&#616;b&#690;ouk&#616;&#689;i || wik&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-sick || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
Line 359: Line 400:
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wikùevòelùun
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wikùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || w&#616;k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || w&#616;k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
Line 373: Line 414:
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
| wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| w&#616;ki&#641;&#604;&#689;m&#616;&#689; || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT-die
| 1PS.INC.SUBJ.FUT- bite || frog.ABS || die
|}
|}
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.
We (including you) will bite a frog and it will die.
Line 381: Line 422:


Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice.
Note that, if a transitive verb takes a subject pronominal affix, then it can never take antipassive voice.


===Relative Clauses===
===Relative Clauses===


These follow the noun they modify. There are no relative pronouns or relativising particles. However, the accessibility hierarchy is very important in Antarctican ({{lg|Relative_clause#Accessibility_hierarchy}}). Only absolutive arguments (objects of transitive verbs and subjects of intransitive verbs) can be relativised. So the following two phrases are grammatical:
These follow the noun they modify. There are no relative pronouns or relativising particles. However, if the verb in the relative clause is transitive, the head noun can only ever be the object of it, never the subject. So the following two sentences are grammatical.




Line 392: Line 432:
| wùerù || kùevòelùun
| wùerù || kùevòelùun
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die
| frog.ABS || die
Line 436: Line 476:
|}
|}
The soldier that hunted.
The soldier that hunted.
====Indirect Verbs====
If the head noun of the relative clause is neither the subject nor the object of the verb in the relative clause, then that verb takes the indirect form e.g.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| manyana || sõwdlan || ameraeychu || wùerù
|-
| ma&#626;ana || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || utame&#641;&#603;icu || w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689;
|-
| morning.ABS || soldier-ERG|| hunt.INDIR || frog.ABS
|}
The morning the soldier hunted frogs.




Line 530: Line 587:
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die || red
| frog.ABS || die || red
Line 541: Line 598:
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || nay || `ròedù
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || nay || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || nai || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || nai || &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die || NEG.SPFC || red
| frog.ABS || die || NEG.SPFC || red
Line 665: Line 722:
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die || red
| frog.ABS || die || red
Line 676: Line 733:
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || ka || `ròedù
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || ka || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || ka || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || ka || &#689; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die || INT.SPFC || red
| frog.ABS || die || INT.SPFC || red
Line 782: Line 839:
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || tovi || `ròedù
| wùerù || kùevòelùun || tovi || `ròedù
|-
|-
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689; || tu&#613;i ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
| w&#616;&#689;&#641;u&#689; || k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;&#628; || tu&#613;i ||  &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;
|-
|-
| frog.ABS || die || where.SPFC || red
| frog.ABS || die || where.SPFC || red
Line 926: Line 983:
|}
|}
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).
A soldier will be giving us (to something / someone).
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[[Category:Antarctican]]
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