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In the [[Antarctican]] language, there are no adjectives. Instead of adjectives meaning "red", "old" or "tall", there are verbs meaning "to be red", "to be old", "to be tall" etc. So instead of saying "the tall tree", you would say "the tree that is tall".
In the [[Antarctican]] language, there are no adjectives. Instead of adjectives meaning "red", "old" or "tall", there are verbs meaning "to be red", "to be old", "to be tall" etc. So instead of saying "the tall tree", you would say "the tree that is tall".


These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door", and also inflect for whether they are putting focus on themselves or on nouns in the sentence (done via changing the end of the root). They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking).
These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door".They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking).


<h3>Focus</h3>
<h3>Direct and Indirect Verbs</h3>


Verbs have a root form, from which various
Verbs have a root form, which in itself is only used in compounds. However from this various other base forms are derived which can stand alone in speech. The two most important of these base forms are the direct base and the indirect base.
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are
 
the verb-focus base and the noun-focus base. Below is a list of verb roots with their
 
corresponding verb-focus and noun-focus bases:
The direct base is used when the topic of the sentence is a core argument of the verb (subject of an intransitive verb, agent or patient of a transitive verb). The indirect base is used when the topic of a sentence is an oblique argument.
 
 
Below is a list of verb roots with their
corresponding indirect and direct bases:


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 16: Line 20:


doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
intransitive, verb-focus
intransitive, indirect


`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ –
`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus
to drag, intransitive, direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 26: Line 30:


`ròedla /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - red,
`ròedla /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - red,
verb-focus
indirect


`ròedù /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ - red,
`ròedù /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ - red,
noun-focus
direct 


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 37: Line 41:


'kiraeypyu /ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
'kiraeypyu /ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
- to become scraped, verb-focus
- to become scraped, indirect


'kiraypùe /ki&#641;a;ip&#616;&#689;/
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;a;ip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, noun-focus
- to become scraped, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
 
<h4>Direct Base</h4>
 
This is the "default" form of the verb that is used normally.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Regular Formation</h5>
 
The default way of forming it is by putting
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
the same way as normal e.g.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h4>Verb-Focus Base</h4>
éypyii /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
 
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
gowpeyee /goupeje&#720;/ - to suffer a
setback, root
 
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
inyelee /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
 
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
kiveluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
 
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
Remember that Antarctican only permits
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
 
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
These changes do not affect phonation
spreading though, as we can see from:
 
&nbsp;
 
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
 
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
nyiibe /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
 
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
san-gize /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
 
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
When a consonant such as a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
preceding it is /&#616;/ or /&#600;/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
yuentorõ /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
 
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
 
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
 
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
poensaa /p&#600;&#628;sa&#720;/ - to be lost
in deep thought, root
 
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
If the vowel is /&#603;/, or a diphthong
starting with /&#603;/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
e.g.
 
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
 
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
 
In addition to this, some verbs lose their
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
doleegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
 
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, direct (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
 
&nbsp;
 
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to make it across,
root
 
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>indirect Base</h4>
 
This is used when the topic of the sentence is an oblique argument of the verb, not a core argument (i.e. not the subject of an intransitive verb or the agent / patient of a transitive verb).


This is used to put focus on the verb ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(linguistics) ) i.e. when the most important "new" information that is being communicated to the listener is the action being done in the verb, rather than the nouns that are doing it or it is being done to.
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
Line 62: Line 230:


hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
verb-focus
indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 75: Line 243:


éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
- to spit out, verb-focus
- to spit out, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 83: Line 251:


inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
- to pierce, verb-focus
- to pierce, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 91: Line 259:


kiveli-ewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
kiveli-ewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
to die, verb-focus
to die, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 145: Line 313:


yuentolõ /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
yuentolõ /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
introduce oneself, verb-focus
introduce oneself, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 158: Line 326:


nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
verb-focus
indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 166: Line 334:


'kiramyu /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
'kiramyu /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
swell up, verb-focus
swell up, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 174: Line 342:


imuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
imuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
down, verb-focus
down, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 236: Line 404:
nuetoze /n&#616;toze/ - to be fed on, root
nuetoze /n&#616;toze/ - to be fed on, root


nitù /nitu&#689;/ - to be fed on, verb-focus
nitù /nitu&#689;/ - to be fed on, indirect




siboete /sib&#600;te/ - to all be present, root
siboete /sib&#600;te/ - to all be present, root


sipáe /sip&#603;&#740;/ - to all be present, verb-focus (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice).
sipáe /sip&#603;&#740;/ - to all be present, indirect (remember that Antarctican does not like plain voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice).


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 255: Line 423:


`màotù /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;/ - to give
`màotù /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;/ - to give
birth, intransitive, verb-focus
birth, intransitive, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 262: Line 430:


`nyùue /&#689;&#626;&#616;&#720;&#689;/ - to snow,
`nyùue /&#689;&#626;&#616;&#720;&#689;/ - to snow,
verb-focus
indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 269: Line 437:


sàon-gùe /s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/
sàon-gùe /s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/
- to bleed, verb-focus
- to bleed, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 278: Line 446:
daraeke /da&#641;&#603;ke/ - to cover, root
daraeke /da&#641;&#603;ke/ - to cover, root


tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, verb-focus
tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, indirect
 
&nbsp;
 
 
<h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4>
 
This is used to put focus on the (non-topicalised)
noun(s) in the sentence.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Regular Formation</h5>
 
The default way of forming it is by putting
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
the same way as normal e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
éypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
 
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, noun-focus


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
&nbsp;
gowpeyee /goupeje&#720;/ - to suffer a
setback, root
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, noun-focus
&nbsp;
inyelee /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, noun-focus
&nbsp;
kiveluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, noun-focus
&nbsp;
Remember that Antarctican only permits
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
&nbsp;
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, noun-focus
&nbsp;
These changes do not affect phonation
spreading though, as we can see from:
&nbsp;
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus
&nbsp;
nyiibe /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, noun-focus
&nbsp;
san-gize /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, noun-focus
&nbsp;
When a consonant such as a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
preceding it is /&#616;/ or /&#600;/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
&nbsp;
yuentorõ /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, noun-focus
&nbsp;
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, noun-focus
&nbsp;
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, noun-focus
&nbsp;
poensaa /p&#600;&#628;sa&#720;/ - to be lost
in deep thought, root
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, noun-focus
&nbsp;
If the vowel is /&#603;/, or a diphthong
starting with /&#603;/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
e.g.
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, noun-focus
&nbsp;
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
In addition to this, some verbs lose their
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
&nbsp;
doleegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
&nbsp;
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to make it across,
root
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, noun-focus
&nbsp;
This process happens under well defined
conditions. Both of the last two syllables of the verb root must have modal
voice. Also the final vowel must be a short /i/ and not followed by a nasal
vowel. The consonant immediately before this must be a voiced obstruent. And,
in the proto-language, the verb root must have had pitch-accent on any syllable
other than the final one.
&nbsp;
<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>
When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae
/teil&#603;&#740;&#720;/ - shirt, we can say:
teyláae `ròedla /teil&#603;&#720;&#740; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ – a red shirt
(non-restrictive)
teyláae `ròedù /teil&#603;&#720;&#740; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ – the red shirt
(restrictive)




Line 592: Line 574:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, verb-focus (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")
doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, indirect (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")


dleeju
dleeju
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, indirect (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
noun-focus
direct


`tlòoezi
`tlòoezi
/&#689;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus
/&#689;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 629: Line 611:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


The transitive roots are then inflected for focus e.g.
The transitive roots are then inflected for indirect vs. direct e.g.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 636: Line 618:
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root


shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, indirect


yùenàorùe
yùenàorùe
/j&#616;&#689;n&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, intransitive,
/j&#616;&#689;n&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, intransitive,
noun-focus
direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 648: Line 630:


hali
hali
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect


ràorùe
ràorùe
/&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus
/&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, direct




Line 719: Line 701:




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, indirect


dõsamaehlu /d&#596;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle you, verb-focus
dõsamaehlu /d&#596;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle you, indirect




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam, verb-focus
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam, indirect


demamaehlu /dem&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam me / us (not including you), verb-focus
demamaehlu /dem&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam me / us (not including you), indirect




Line 733: Line 715:




pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify, noun-focus
pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify, direct


pyùemyùu /p&#690;&#616;&#689;mp&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify me / us (not including you, noun-focus
pyùemyùu /p&#690;&#616;&#689;mp&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify me / us (not including you, direct


pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who, noun-focus
pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who, direct




Line 745: Line 727:




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, indirect


daesamaehlu /d&#603;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), verb-focus
daesamaehlu /d&#603;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), indirect


deramaehlu /de&#641;am&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle oneself, verb-focus
deramaehlu /de&#641;am&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle oneself, indirect




Line 759: Line 741:


pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify,
pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify,
noun-focus
direct


pyolùu /p&#690;&#596;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify you, noun-focus
pyolùu /p&#690;&#596;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify you, direct


pyelùu /p&#690;elu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify
pyelùu /p&#690;elu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify
ourselves (including you), noun-focus
ourselves (including you), direct




The last example this is distinct
The last example this is distinct
from pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who,
from pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who,
noun-focus, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix.
direct, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix.


Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g.
Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g.
Line 777: Line 759:
*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, ergative
*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, ergative
*sõwdla - /s&#596;ud&#622;/ - soldier, absolutive
*sõwdla - /s&#596;ud&#622;/ - soldier, absolutive
*damasùe - /damas&#616;&#689;/ - to scam / swindle, noun-focus
*damasùe - /damas&#616;&#689;/ - to scam / swindle, direct




Line 784: Line 766:
| yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla
| yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || damas#616;&#689; || s&#616;ud&#622;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || damas&#616;&#689; || s&#616;ud&#622;
|-
|-
|- employee-ERG || scam-NFCS || soldier-ABS
|- employee-ERG || scam || soldier-ABS
|}
|}
An employee scammed a soldier
An employee scammed a soldier
Line 798: Line 780:
| yuenpiluy || daesamasùe
| yuenpiluy || daesamasùe
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || d&#603;samas#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || d&#603;samas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS
| employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam
|}
|}
An employee scammed us (including you)
An employee scammed us (including you)
Line 812: Line 794:
| daesamasùe || yuenpiluy   
| daesamasùe || yuenpiluy   
|-
|-
| d&#603;samas#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
| d&#603;samas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
|-
|-
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam || employee-ABS
|}
|}
An employee scammed us (including you)
An employee scammed us (including you)
Line 833: Line 815:
| duetamasùe || yuenpiluy
| duetamasùe || yuenpiluy
|-
|-
| d&#616;tamas#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
| d&#616;tamas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
|-
|-
| <PFV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS
| <PFV.AP>scam || employee-ABS
|}
|}
An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
Line 843: Line 825:




inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, verb-focus
inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, indirect


ówsinyeli-aa /&#660;ou&#740;si&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
ówsinyeli-aa /&#660;ou&#740;si&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, indirect, perfective antipassive




kiveliqewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, verb-focus
kiveliqewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, indirect


kówsiveli-ewn /kou&#740;si&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
kówsiveli-ewn /kou&#740;si&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, indirect, perfective antipassive




'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus
'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect


'kówsátla /&#740;kou&#740;sa&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
'kówsátla /&#740;kou&#740;sa&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect, perfective antipassive




éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, verb-focus
éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, indirect


ówséypyi-eey /&#660;ou&#740;sei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, verb-focus, perfective antipassive
ówséypyi-eey /&#660;ou&#740;sei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, indirect, perfective antipassive




Line 874: Line 856:
| damamas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
| damamas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS
| <IMPV.AP>scam || employee-ABS
|}
|}
An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
Line 884: Line 866:




*wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (something), verb-focus
*`wùnnào /&#689;wu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689;/ - to want (something)
*'wátonnye /&#740;wa&#740;to&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), verb-focus
*'wátùnnào /&#740;wa&#740;tu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689;/ - to want (to do something / something to happen)




*chi-iin /ci&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (something), verb-focus
*chùun /cu&#720;&#740;&#628;/ - to fear (something)
*cháetli-iin /c&#603;&#740;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (that something will happen), verb-focus
*'cháetlùun /&#740;c&#603;&#740;t&#620;u&#720;&#689;&#628;/ - to fear (that something will happen)




Line 908: Line 890:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiloy || wonnye || tõn
| yuenpiloy || `wùnnào || tõn
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || wo&#628;&#626;e || t&#596;&#628;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#689;wu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689; || t&#596;&#628;
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || want-VFCS || change-ABS
| employee-ERG || want || change-ABS
|}
|}
An employee wants change.
An employee wants change.
Line 919: Line 901:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiluy || 'wátonnye || sõwdla || damasùe
| yuenpiluy || 'wátùnnào || sõwdla || damasùe
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || &#740;wa&#740;to&#628;&#626;e || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || &#740;wa&#740;tu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want || soldier-ABS || scam
|}
|}
An employee wants to scam a soldier.
An employee wants to scam a soldier.
Line 931: Line 913:




wátonnye yuenpiloy sowdla damasùe
'wátùnnào yuenpiloy sowdla damasùe


yuenpiloy wátonnye damasùe sõwdla
yuenpiloy 'wátùnnào damasùe sõwdla


wátonnye yuenpiloy damasùe sõwdla
'wátùnnào yuenpiloy damasùe sõwdla




Line 942: Line 924:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiloy || chi-iin || sõwdla
| yuenpiloy || chùun || sõwdla
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || ci&#660;i&#720;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || cu&#720;&#740;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS
| employee-ERG || fear || soldier-ABS
|}
|}
The employee fears the soldier
The employee fears the soldier
Line 952: Line 934:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetli-iin || sõwdla || damasùe  
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetlùun || sõwdla || damasùe  
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;&#740;t&#620;u&#720;&#689;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear || soldier-ABS || scam
|}
|}
The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier.
The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier.
Line 967: Line 949:
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe  
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe  
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || damas&#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;&#740;t&#620;u&#720;&#689;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || damas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ERG || scam-NFCS
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear || soldier-ERG || scam
|}
|}
The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him.
The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him.
Line 982: Line 964:




wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want, verb focus
wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want, indirect


wowonnye /wowo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want each other, verb focus
wowonnye /wowo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want each other, indirect




darakòe /da&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover, noun-focus
darakòe /da&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover, direct


dadarakòe /dada&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover each other, noun-focus
dadarakòe /dada&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover each other, direct




shuetinju /&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count, verb focus
shuetinju /&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count, indirect


shueshuetinju /&#231;&#616;&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count each other, verb focus
shueshuetinju /&#231;&#616;&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count each other, indirect




Line 1,000: Line 982:




ziitlàoji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), verb-focus
ziitlàoji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), indirect


ziziitlàoji /zizi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know each other, verb-focus
ziziitlàoji /zizi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know each other, indirect




yinwùumùe /ji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn in, noun-focus
yinwùumùe /ji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn in, direct


yiyinwùumùe /jiji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn each other in, noun-focus
yiyinwùumùe /jiji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn each other in, direct




kaaeykyu /k&#603;&#720;i&k#690;u/ - to sell, verb-focus
kaaeykyu /k&#603;&#720;i&k#690;u/ - to sell, indirect


kaekaaeykyu /k&#603;k&#603;&#720;ik&#690;u/ - to sell each other, verb-focus
kaekaaeykyu /k&#603;k&#603;&#720;ik&#690;u/ - to sell each other, indirect




Line 1,018: Line 1,000:




'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus
'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect


'kákátla /&#740;ka&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make each other's acquaintance, verb focus
'kákátla /&#740;ka&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make each other's acquaintance, indirect




Line 1,026: Line 1,008:




'kamyu /&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate (someone's ego), verb-focus
'kamyu /&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate (someone's ego), indirect


'kákamyu /&#740;ka&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate each other('s ego), verb-focus
'kákamyu /&#740;ka&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate each other('s ego), indirect




'kaypùe /&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape, noun-focus
'kaypùe /&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape, direct


'kákaypùe /&#740;ka&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape each other, noun-focus
'kákaypùe /&#740;ka&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape each other, direct




Line 1,039: Line 1,021:




'puytlù /&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight, noun-focus
'puytlù /&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight, direct


'póyputlu /&#740;poi&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight with each other, noun-focus
'póyputlu /&#740;poi&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight with each other, direct




Line 1,047: Line 1,029:




hali /&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
hali /&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect


haehali /&#967;&#603;&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
haehali /&#967;&#603;&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect




Line 1,055: Line 1,037:




ràorùe /&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus
ràorùe /&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, direct


haràorùe /&#967;a&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist each other, transitive, noun-focus
haràorùe /&#967;a&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist each other, transitive, direct




Line 1,068: Line 1,050:




wòenzi /w&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend, noun-focus
wòenzi /w&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend, direct


fiwòenzi /fiw&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend each other, noun-focus
fiwòenzi /fiw&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend each other, direct




Line 1,105: Line 1,087:




chisàon-gùe /cis&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you bleed, verb-focus
chisàon-gùe /cis&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you bleed, indirect


chiisàon-gùe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you (emphatic) bleed, verb-focus
chiisàon-gùe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you (emphatic) bleed, indirect




However, the emphatic forms cannot be used with noun-focus forms, so while chisàonkùesòe /cis&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/ - to bleed, noun-focus is grammatical, chiisàonkùesòe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/ would not be.
This lengthening can also be used on infixes marking objects e.g.
 


This lengthening can also be used on infixes marking objects e.g.


pyõhli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you, indirect


pyõhli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you, verb focus
pyõohli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#720;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you (emphatic), indirect


pyõohli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#720;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you (emphatic), verb focus
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[[Category:Antarctican]]
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