Linguifex

Antarctican/Verbs: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Antarctican/Verbs (view source)

Revision as of 05:15, 22 August 2013

478 bytes removed ,  22 August 2013
m
no edit summary
(Changed "focus" to "dependent")
mNo edit summary
 
(5 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door".They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking).
These verbs are clearly marked for transitivity (e.g. a different verb is used in the sentence "The door opened" compared to the sentence "I opened the door".They also take infixes to indicate pronominal objects and voice changes (which is conflated with aspect marking). As well as this, they take prefixes to indicate pronominal subjects (which is conflated with tense marking).


<h3>Dependent and Independent Verbs</h3>
<h3>Direct and Indirect Verbs</h3>


Verbs have a root form, from which various
Verbs have a root form, which in itself is only used in compounds. However from this various other base forms are derived which can stand alone in speech. The two most important of these base forms are the direct base and the indirect base.
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are
 
the dependent base and the independent base. Below is a list of verb roots with their
 
corresponding dependent and independent bases:
The direct base is used when the topic of the sentence is a core argument of the verb (subject of an intransitive verb, agent or patient of a transitive verb). The indirect base is used when the topic of a sentence is an oblique argument.
 
 
Below is a list of verb roots with their
corresponding indirect and direct bases:


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 16: Line 20:


doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag,
intransitive, dependent
intransitive, indirect


`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ –
`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, independent
to drag, intransitive, direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 26: Line 30:


`ròedla /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - red,
`ròedla /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ - red,
dependent
indirect


`ròedù /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ - red,
`ròedù /&#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ - red,
independent  
direct  


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 37: Line 41:


'kiraeypyu /ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
'kiraeypyu /ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
- to become scraped, dependent
- to become scraped, indirect


'kiraypùe /ki&#641;a;ip&#616;&#689;/
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;a;ip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, independent
- to become scraped, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
 
<h4>Direct Base</h4>
 
This is the "default" form of the verb that is used normally.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Regular Formation</h5>
 
The default way of forming it is by putting
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
the same way as normal e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
éypyii /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
 
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
gowpeyee /goupeje&#720;/ - to suffer a
setback, root
 
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
inyelee /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
 
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
kiveluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
 
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
Remember that Antarctican only permits
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
 
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h4>Dependent Base</h4>
These changes do not affect phonation
spreading though, as we can see from:


This is used when the verb is describing the purpose or manner of another verb. How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
&nbsp;
 
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
 
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
nyiibe /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
 
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
san-gize /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
 
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
When a consonant such as a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
preceding it is /&#616;/ or /&#600;/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
yuentorõ /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
 
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
 
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
 
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
poensaa /p&#600;&#628;sa&#720;/ - to be lost
in deep thought, root
 
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
If the vowel is /&#603;/, or a diphthong
starting with /&#603;/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
e.g.
 
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
 
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
 
In addition to this, some verbs lose their
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
doleegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
 
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, direct (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
 
&nbsp;
 
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to make it across,
root
 
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, direct
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>indirect Base</h4>
 
This is used when the topic of the sentence is an oblique argument of the verb, not a core argument (i.e. not the subject of an intransitive verb or the agent / patient of a transitive verb).
 
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard
consonant:
consonant:
Line 61: Line 230:


hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform,
dependent
indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 74: Line 243:


éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
- to spit out, dependent
- to spit out, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 82: Line 251:


inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
- to pierce, dependent
- to pierce, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 90: Line 259:


kiveli-ewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
kiveli-ewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ -
to die, dependent
to die, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 144: Line 313:


yuentolõ /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
yuentolõ /j&#616;&#628;tol&#596;/ - to
introduce oneself, dependent
introduce oneself, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 157: Line 326:


nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
nangaluu /na&#331;alu&#720;/ - to flow,
dependent
indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 165: Line 334:


'kiramyu /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
'kiramyu /&#740;ki&#641;am&#690;u/ - to
swell up, dependent
swell up, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 173: Line 342:


imuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
imuepya /&#660;im&#616;p&#690;a/ - to sit
down, dependent
down, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 235: Line 404:
nuetoze /n&#616;toze/ - to be fed on, root
nuetoze /n&#616;toze/ - to be fed on, root


nitù /nitu&#689;/ - to be fed on, dependent
nitù /nitu&#689;/ - to be fed on, indirect




siboete /sib&#600;te/ - to all be present, root
siboete /sib&#600;te/ - to all be present, root


sipáe /sip&#603;&#740;/ - to all be present, dependent (remember that Antarctican does not like plain voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice).
sipáe /sip&#603;&#740;/ - to all be present, indirect (remember that Antarctican does not like plain voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice).


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 254: Line 423:


`màotù /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;/ - to give
`màotù /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;/ - to give
birth, intransitive, dependent
birth, intransitive, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 261: Line 430:


`nyùue /&#689;&#626;&#616;&#720;&#689;/ - to snow,
`nyùue /&#689;&#626;&#616;&#720;&#689;/ - to snow,
dependent
indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 268: Line 437:


sàon-gùe /s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/
sàon-gùe /s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/
- to bleed, dependent
- to bleed, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 277: Line 446:
daraeke /da&#641;&#603;ke/ - to cover, root
daraeke /da&#641;&#603;ke/ - to cover, root


tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, dependent
tárá /ta&#740;&#641;a&#740;/ - to cover, indirect


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
<h4>Independent Base</h4>
This is used in all other cases. Whenever there is a dependent verb, it must be followed by an independent verb, but the converse is not true.
&nbsp;
<h5>Regular Formation</h5>
The default way of forming it is by putting
breathy voice on the final vowel of the base, and changing the vowel quality in
the same way as normal e.g.
&nbsp;
éypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
éypyùey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;&#616;i&#689;/
- to spit out, independent
&nbsp;
This breathy voice “spreads” to the left
until it hits a voiceless obstruent or a prestopped nasal e.g.
&nbsp;
gowpeyee /goupeje&#720;/ - to suffer a
setback, root
gowpòeyòoe /goup&#600;&#689;j&#600;&#720;&#689;/
- to suffer a setback, independent
&nbsp;
inyelee /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
ùenyòelòoe /&#660;&#616;&#689;&#626;&#600;&#689;le&#720;/
- to pierce, independent
&nbsp;
kiveluun /ki&#613;elu&#720;&#628;/ - to
die, root
kùevòelùun /k&#616;&#689;&#613;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#628;&#689;/
- to die, independent
&nbsp;
Remember that Antarctican only permits
voiced obstruents, prestopped nasals, and fricatives other than /s/, before vowels
with modal voice. So if this vowel phonation change would produce such a
forbidden sequence, then the consonant changes e.g.
&nbsp;
hlõ /&#620;&#596;/ - to perform, root
lào /l&#604;&#689;/ - to perform, independent
&nbsp;
These changes do not affect phonation
spreading though, as we can see from:
&nbsp;
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth,
intransitive, root
`màotùsòe /&#689;m&#604;&#689;tu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/
- to give birth, intransitive, independent
&nbsp;
nyiibe /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
`nyùeypòe /&#689;&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#689;/ - to
snow, independent
&nbsp;
san-gize /sa&#628;gize/ - to bleed, root
sàonkùesòe /s&#604;&#628;&#689;k&#616;&#689;s&#604;&#689;/
- to bleed, independent
&nbsp;
When a consonant such as a voiceless
obstruent or prestopped nasal blocks the phonation spreading, if the vowel
preceding it is /&#616;/ or /&#600;/ with modal voice (or a diphthong beginning
with one), then fronts to /i/ or /e/ respectively e.g.
&nbsp;
yuentorõ /j&#616;&#628;to&#641;&#596;/ -
to introduce oneself, root
yintùrào /ji&#628;tu&#689;&#641;&#604;&#689;/
- to introduce oneself, independent
&nbsp;
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
imipù /&#660;imipu&#689;/ - to sit down, independent
&nbsp;
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root
nitùsòe /nitu&#689;s&#600;&#689;/ - to be
fed on, independent
&nbsp;
poensaa /p&#600;&#628;sa&#720;/ - to be lost
in deep thought, root
pensàao /pe&#628;s&#604;&#720;&#689;/ - to
be lost in deep thought, independent
&nbsp;
If the vowel is /&#603;/, or a diphthong
starting with /&#603;/, before the blocking consonant, then it lowers to /a/
e.g.
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#689;/
- to become scraped, independent
&nbsp;
<h5>Final Syllable Replacement</h5>
In addition to this, some verbs lose their
final syllable, which is replaced with –zi e.g.
&nbsp;
doleegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag,
intransitive, root
tùlòoezi /tu&#689;l&#600;&#720;&#689;zi/ –
to drag, intransitive, independent (-gùe has been replaced with -zi).
&nbsp;
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to make it across,
root
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#689;l&#616;&#689;zi/ -
to make it across, independent
&nbsp;
<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>
When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the dependent form is used when the modifier
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
independent form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae
/teil&#603;&#740;&#720;/ - shirt, we can say:
teyláae `ròedla /teil&#603;&#720;&#740; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;d&#622;a/ – a red shirt
(non-restrictive)
teyláae `ròedù /teil&#603;&#720;&#740; &#689;&#641;&#600;&#689;du&#689;/ – the red shirt
(restrictive)




Line 581: Line 574:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, dependent (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")
doleeju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, indirect (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")


dleeju
dleeju
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, dependent (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, indirect (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
`tùlòoezi /&#689;tu&#689;l&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
independent
direct


`tlòoezi
`tlòoezi
/&#689;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, independent
/&#689;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 618: Line 611:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


The transitive roots are then inflected for dependent vs. independent e.g.
The transitive roots are then inflected for indirect vs. direct e.g.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 625: Line 618:
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root


shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, dependent
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, indirect


yùenàorùe
yùenàorùe
/j&#616;&#689;n&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, intransitive,
/j&#616;&#689;n&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, intransitive,
independent
direct


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 637: Line 630:


hali
hali
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, dependent
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect


ràorùe
ràorùe
/&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, independent
/&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, direct




Line 708: Line 701:




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, dependent
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, indirect


dõsamaehlu /d&#596;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle you, dependent
dõsamaehlu /d&#596;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle you, indirect




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam, dependent
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam, indirect


demamaehlu /dem&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam me / us (not including you), dependent
demamaehlu /dem&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam me / us (not including you), indirect




Line 722: Line 715:




pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify, independent
pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify, direct


pyùemyùu /p&#690;&#616;&#689;mp&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify me / us (not including you, independent
pyùemyùu /p&#690;&#616;&#689;mp&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify me / us (not including you, direct


pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who, independent
pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who, direct




Line 734: Line 727:




damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, dependent
damaehlu /dam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle, indirect


daesamaehlu /d&#603;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), dependent
daesamaehlu /d&#603;sam&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), indirect


deramaehlu /de&#641;am&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle oneself, dependent
deramaehlu /de&#641;am&#603;&#620;u/ - to scam / swindle oneself, indirect




Line 748: Line 741:


pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify,
pyùu /p&#690;u&#720;&#689;/ - to purify,
independent
direct


pyolùu /p&#690;&#596;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify you, independent
pyolùu /p&#690;&#596;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify you, direct


pyelùu /p&#690;elu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify
pyelùu /p&#690;elu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify
ourselves (including you), independent
ourselves (including you), direct




The last example this is distinct
The last example this is distinct
from pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who,
from pyòelùu /p&#690;&#600;&#689;lu&#720;&#689;/ - to purify who,
independent, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix.
direct, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix.


Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g.
Note that, for the purposes of the syntax, using any of these infixes turns a transitive verb into an intransitive verb. This means that the subject of such an infixed verb can no longer take ergative case e.g.
Line 766: Line 759:
*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, ergative
*yuenpiloy /j&#616;&#628;piloi/ - employee, ergative
*sõwdla - /s&#596;ud&#622;/ - soldier, absolutive
*sõwdla - /s&#596;ud&#622;/ - soldier, absolutive
*damasùe - /damas&#616;&#689;/ - to scam / swindle, independent
*damasùe - /damas&#616;&#689;/ - to scam / swindle, direct




Line 773: Line 766:
| yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla
| yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || damas#616;&#689; || s&#616;ud&#622;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || damas&#616;&#689; || s&#616;ud&#622;
|-
|-
|- employee-ERG || scam-NFCS || soldier-ABS
|- employee-ERG || scam || soldier-ABS
|}
|}
An employee scammed a soldier
An employee scammed a soldier
Line 787: Line 780:
| yuenpiluy || daesamasùe
| yuenpiluy || daesamasùe
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || d&#603;samas#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || d&#603;samas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS
| employee-ABS || <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam
|}
|}
An employee scammed us (including you)
An employee scammed us (including you)
Line 801: Line 794:
| daesamasùe || yuenpiluy   
| daesamasùe || yuenpiluy   
|-
|-
| d&#603;samas#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
| d&#603;samas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
|-
|-
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS
| <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam || employee-ABS
|}
|}
An employee scammed us (including you)
An employee scammed us (including you)
Line 822: Line 815:
| duetamasùe || yuenpiluy
| duetamasùe || yuenpiluy
|-
|-
| d&#616;tamas#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
| d&#616;tamas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
|-
|-
| <PFV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS
| <PFV.AP>scam || employee-ABS
|}
|}
An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
Line 832: Line 825:




inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, dependent
inyeli-aa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, indirect


ówsinyeli-aa /&#660;ou&#740;si&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, dependent, perfective antipassive
ówsinyeli-aa /&#660;ou&#740;si&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, indirect, perfective antipassive




kiveliqewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, dependent
kiveliqewn /ki&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, indirect


kówsiveli-ewn /kou&#740;si&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, dependent, perfective antipassive
kówsiveli-ewn /kou&#740;si&#613;eli&#660;eu&#628;/ - to die, indirect, perfective antipassive




'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, dependent
'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect


'kówsátla /&#740;kou&#740;sa&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, dependent, perfective antipassive
'kówsátla /&#740;kou&#740;sa&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect, perfective antipassive




éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, dependent
éypyi-eey /&#660;ei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, indirect


ówséypyi-eey /&#660;ou&#740;sei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, dependent, perfective antipassive
ówséypyi-eey /&#660;ou&#740;sei&#740;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, indirect, perfective antipassive




Line 863: Line 856:
| damamas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
| damamas&#616;&#689; || j&#616;&#628;pilui
|-
|-
| <IMPV.AP>scam-NFCS || employee-ABS
| <IMPV.AP>scam || employee-ABS
|}
|}
An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here).
Line 873: Line 866:




*wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (something), dependent
*`wùnnào /&#689;wu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689;/ - to want (something)
*'wátonnye /&#740;wa&#740;to&#628;&#626;e/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), dependent
*'wátùnnào /&#740;wa&#740;tu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689;/ - to want (to do something / something to happen)




*chi-iin /ci&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (something), dependent
*chùun /cu&#720;&#740;&#628;/ - to fear (something)
*cháetli-iin /c&#603;&#740;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628;/ - to fear (that something will happen), dependent
*'cháetlùun /&#740;c&#603;&#740;t&#620;u&#720;&#689;&#628;/ - to fear (that something will happen)




Line 897: Line 890:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiloy || wonnye || tõn
| yuenpiloy || `wùnnào || tõn
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || wo&#628;&#626;e || t&#596;&#628;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#689;wu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689; || t&#596;&#628;
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || want-VFCS || change-ABS
| employee-ERG || want || change-ABS
|}
|}
An employee wants change.
An employee wants change.
Line 908: Line 901:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiluy || 'wátonnye || sõwdla || damasùe
| yuenpiluy || 'wátùnnào || sõwdla || damasùe
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || &#740;wa&#740;to&#628;&#626;e || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;pilui || &#740;wa&#740;tu&#689;&#628;n&#604;&#689; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want || soldier-ABS || scam
|}
|}
An employee wants to scam a soldier.
An employee wants to scam a soldier.
Line 920: Line 913:




wátonnye yuenpiloy sowdla damasùe
'wátùnnào yuenpiloy sowdla damasùe


yuenpiloy wátonnye damasùe sõwdla
yuenpiloy 'wátùnnào damasùe sõwdla


wátonnye yuenpiloy damasùe sõwdla
'wátùnnào yuenpiloy damasùe sõwdla




Line 931: Line 924:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiloy || chi-iin || sõwdla
| yuenpiloy || chùun || sõwdla
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || ci&#660;i&#720;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || cu&#720;&#740;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS
| employee-ERG || fear || soldier-ABS
|}
|}
The employee fears the soldier
The employee fears the soldier
Line 941: Line 934:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetli-iin || sõwdla || damasùe  
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetlùun || sõwdla || damasùe  
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;&#740;t&#620;u&#720;&#689;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a || damas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear || soldier-ABS || scam
|}
|}
The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier.
The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier.
Line 956: Line 949:
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe  
| yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe  
|-
|-
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;t&#620;i&#660;i&#720;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || damas&#616;&#689;
| j&#616;&#628;piloi || &#740;c&#603;&#740;t&#620;u&#720;&#689;&#628; || s&#596;ud&#622;a&#628; || damas&#616;&#689;
|-
|-
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ERG || scam-NFCS
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear || soldier-ERG || scam
|}
|}
The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him.
The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him.
Line 971: Line 964:




wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want, dependent
wonnye /wo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want, indirect


wowonnye /wowo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want each other, dependent
wowonnye /wowo&#628;&#626;e/ - to want each other, indirect




darakòe /da&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover, independent
darakòe /da&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover, direct


dadarakòe /dada&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover each other, independent
dadarakòe /dada&#641;ak&#600;&#689;/ - to cover each other, direct




shuetinju /&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count, dependent
shuetinju /&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count, indirect


shueshuetinju /&#231;&#616;&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count each other, dependent
shueshuetinju /&#231;&#616;&#231;&#616;ti&#628;&#607;u/ - to count each other, indirect




Line 989: Line 982:




ziitlàoji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), dependent
ziitlàoji /zi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), indirect


ziziitlàoji /zizi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know each other, dependent
ziziitlàoji /zizi&#720;t&#620;&#604;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know each other, indirect




yinwùumùe /ji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn in, independent
yinwùumùe /ji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn in, direct


yiyinwùumùe /jiji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn each other in, independent
yiyinwùumùe /jiji&#628;wu&#720;&#689;m&#616;/ - to turn each other in, direct




kaaeykyu /k&#603;&#720;i&k#690;u/ - to sell, dependent
kaaeykyu /k&#603;&#720;i&k#690;u/ - to sell, indirect


kaekaaeykyu /k&#603;k&#603;&#720;ik&#690;u/ - to sell each other, dependent
kaekaaeykyu /k&#603;k&#603;&#720;ik&#690;u/ - to sell each other, indirect




Line 1,007: Line 1,000:




'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, dependent
'kátla /&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make someone's acquaintance, indirect


'kákátla /&#740;ka&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make each other's acquaintance, dependent
'kákátla /&#740;ka&#740;ka&#740;t&#620;a/ - to make each other's acquaintance, indirect




Line 1,015: Line 1,008:




'kamyu /&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate (someone's ego), dependent
'kamyu /&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate (someone's ego), indirect


'kákamyu /&#740;ka&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate each other('s ego), dependent
'kákamyu /&#740;ka&#740;kam&#690;u/ - to inflate each other('s ego), indirect




'kaypùe /&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape, independent
'kaypùe /&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape, direct


'kákaypùe /&#740;ka&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape each other, independent
'kákaypùe /&#740;ka&#740;kaip&#616;&#689;/ - to scrape each other, direct




Line 1,028: Line 1,021:




'puytlù /&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight, independent
'puytlù /&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight, direct


'póyputlu /&#740;poi&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight with each other, independent
'póyputlu /&#740;poi&#740;puit&#620;u&#689;/ - to pick a fight with each other, direct




Line 1,036: Line 1,029:




hali /&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, dependent
hali /&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect


haehali /&#967;&#603;&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, dependent
haehali /&#967;&#603;&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, indirect




Line 1,044: Line 1,037:




ràorùe /&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, independent
ràorùe /&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist, transitive, direct


haràorùe /&#967;a&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist each other, transitive, independent
haràorùe /&#967;a&#641;&#604;&#689;&#641;&#616;&#689;/ - to twist each other, transitive, direct




Line 1,057: Line 1,050:




wòenzi /w&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend, independent
wòenzi /w&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend, direct


fiwòenzi /fiw&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend each other, independent
fiwòenzi /fiw&#600;&#628;&#689;/ - to befriend each other, direct




Line 1,094: Line 1,087:




chisàon-gùe /cis&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you bleed, dependent
chisàon-gùe /cis&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you bleed, indirect


chiisàon-gùe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you (emphatic) bleed, dependent
chiisàon-gùe /ci&#720;s&#604;&#689;&#628;g&#616;&#689;/ you (emphatic) bleed, indirect




Line 1,102: Line 1,095:




pyõhli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you, dependent
pyõhli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you, indirect
 
pyõohli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#720;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you (emphatic), indirect


pyõohli-uu /p&#690;&#596;&#720;&#620;i&#660;u&#720;/ - purify you (emphatic), dependent
<!-- Categories -->
[[Category:Antarctican]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/5383...9907"