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| *[[Bhadhagha/Lexicon]]
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| *[[Bhadhagha/Swadesh list]]
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| *[[Bhadhagha/Names]]
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| | {{list subpages}} |
| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
| |image = | | |image = |
| |imagesize = | | |imagesize = |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}} | | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| |nativename = ''Bhadhagha'' | | |nativename =a joaþ Voainjŵ |
| |pronunciation=[bʱɐdʱɐgʱɐ] | | |pronunciation= |
| |region = Talma | | |region = Skella, in Talma |
| |familycolor=PfK | | |familycolor=PfK |
| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]] | | |fam1= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]] |
| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | | |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] |
| |fam3= Thensaric | | |fam3= Thensaric |
| |fam4= Tigolic | | |fam4= Tigolic |
| |iso3=qee | | |iso3= |
| |script=Talmic script | | |script=Talmic script |
| |notice=IPA | | |notice=IPA |
| }} | | }} |
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| | '''Vornian''' (''a joaþ Voainjŵ'' /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: ''Vornib'') is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]], closely related to [[Scellan]]. It is notable for its many vowels. |
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| | It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English. |
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| '''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''Bhadhagha'' /bʱɐdʱɐgʱɐ/, or ''bhò Bhadhagha''; ''bhadhagha'' is from [[Camalic]], meaning 'beach' or 'coast') is a close relative of [[Eevo]] spoken on Bhadhagha Island off the west of Western Etalocin. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Sanskrit.
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *''Lanna srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing
| | Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r |
| *'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative)
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| *''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person
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| *''dèic'' (VN), ''deàmha'' (present tense, nonpronominal subject) = eat
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| *construct state
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| Based on "literally read Irish".
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
| | *'''m n ṇ ñ''' /m n ɳ ŋ/ |
| |-
| | *'''b d ḍ g''' /p t{{den}} ʈ k/ |
| !colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
| | *'''p t ʈ c''' /pʰ t{{den}}ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/ |
| |-
| | *'''f þ s x ṣ ll''' /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/ |
| !rowspan="3"|Nasal
| | *'''v ð z zj ẓ l''' /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/ |
| !<small>plain</small>
| | *'''ł r j''' /w ɾ j/ |
| | '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || '''n̂''' ɲ || ||
| | *bl /px/ etc. |
| |-
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| !<small>geminate</small>
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| | || '''nn''' nː || || || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''mh''' mʱ || '''nh''' nʱ || || '''n̂h''' ɲʱ || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="6"|Stop
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| !<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''ĉ''' c || '''c''' k ||
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ĉh''' cʰ || '''ch''' kʰ ||
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| |-
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| !<small>prenasalized</small>
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| | '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''ĝĉ''' ᶮc || '''gc''' ᵑk ||
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''ĝ''' ɟ || '''g''' g ||
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| |-
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| !<small>breathy voiced</small>
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| | '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''ĝh''' ɟʱ || '''gh''' gʱ ||
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced prenasalized</small>
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| | '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''n̂ĝ''' ᶮɟ || '''ng''' ᵑg ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="3"|Fricative
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| !<small>plain</small>
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| | '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || || '''h''' h
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''fh''' fʰ [v] || '''sh''' sʰ [z] || || || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>prenasalized</small>
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| | '''mhf''' mʱf || '''nhs''' nʱs || || || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="3"| Liquid
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| !<small>plain</small>
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| | || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>geminate</small>
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| | || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>breathy voiced</small>
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| | || '''lh''' lʱ || '''rh''' r̠ʱ || || ||
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| |}
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| ====Mutations====
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| Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. All possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.
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| Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''nhs-''.
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| ''fh, sh'' are often pronounced [v, z] word-medially.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ì''' /iː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ù''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''è''' /eː/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''ò''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /ɐ/
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| | '''à''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs are all read as written.
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|
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| '''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.
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|
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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|
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Pronouns===
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |+
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1
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| |''nà''
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| |''àmh''
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| |-
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| !|2 (familiar)
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| |''hiar''
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| |''sèid''
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| |-
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| !|2 (polite)
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| |colspan="2"|''Sthàna''
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| |-
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| !|3 (masculine)
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| |''u''
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| |rowspan="3"|''àr''
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| |-
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| !|3 (feminine)
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| |''i''
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| |-
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| !|3 (inanimate)
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| |''ci''
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| |}
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|
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| Independent pronouns can be used as topics and direct objects.
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|
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| As topic:
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|
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| :''Nà tiann arainn oitheadh?''
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| :1SG why on-1SG suffer.VN
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| :Why must I suffer?
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|
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| ===Prepositions===
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| Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. The pronoun ''Sthàna'' is not fused with the preposition, however.
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|
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| The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /lɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/.
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|
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| The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| |+ '''Inflection of prepositions'''
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| |-
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| !|
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| !me!!you (sg.)!!him!!her!!it!!us!!you (pl.)!!them!!relative
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| |-
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| !|''ar'' 'on'
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| |''arainn''||''arais''||''or''||''ari''||''arè''||''arad''||''arac''||''arar''||''aram''
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| |-
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| !|''de-L, d'-'' 'in, at'
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| |''dèinn''||''dèis''||''diù''||''dì''||''dè''||''diad''||''diac''||''diar''||''diam''
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| |-
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| !|''ful'' 'around'
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| |''fulainn''||''fulais''||''fulu''||''fuili''||''fulè''||''fulad''||''fulac''||''fular''||''fulam''
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| |-
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| !|''geil'' 'from'
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| |''geilinn''||''geilis''||''gela''||''geili''||''geilè''||''geilid''||''geilic''||''geilir''||''geilim''
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| |-
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| !|''go'' 'with'
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| |''guainn''||''gòis''||''gù''||''guì''||''gè''||''guad''||''guac''||''guar''||''guam''
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| |-
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| !|''le'' 'to'
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| |''linn''||''leis''||''leo''||''lèi''||''lè''||''liod''||''lioc''||''lior''||''liom''
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| |-
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| !|''nae'' 'with (instrumental)'
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| |''naìnn''||''naìs''||''nae''||''naì''||''nè''||''naed''||''naec''||''naer''||''naem''
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| |-
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| !|''ri'' 'of'
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| |''rìnn''||''rìs''||''riù''||''rì''||''rè''||''rìod''||''rìoc''||''rìor''||''rìom''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Nouns===
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| The plural of nouns is always ''-a/-e'' if the noun ends in a C, or ''-n'' if the noun ends in a V.
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| *''scain'' 'a friend', ''scaine'' 'friends'
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| *''faonda'' 'a cave', ''faondan'' 'caves'
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|
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| There are some irregular plurals:
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| *''sos'' 'a man', ''sois'' 'men'
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|
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| Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.
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|
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| The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-N for plural nouns. One may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s''). If the noun cannot eclipse, the ''na'' is always used: ''na scaine'' 'the friends'.
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|
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| Colloquial Bhadhagha may also drop the plural suffix for definite plural nouns: ''na scain'' or ''mhfaonda'' for ''na scaine'' or ''(na) mhfaondan'' is often heard.
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|
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| Personal names and place names do not always obey mutation rules.
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| <!--
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| casual bhadhagha could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle
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|
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| h-eafhad = the cat
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| an h-eafhad = THE cat
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| an eafhad = (specifically) a cat
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| -->
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|
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| The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain Aodhàn''.
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|
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives inflect similarly to nouns.
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|
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| Attributive adjectives agree in mutation with the noun if the noun is definite. For example: "a black cat" is ''eafhad flumh'' and "the black cat" is ''(an) h-eafhad fhlumh''.
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|
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| ===Copula===
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|
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| Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects as follows:
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|
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| Present tense: ''lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh'' -- and ''laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
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|
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| Past tense: ''g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh'' -- and ''g'laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
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|
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| Future tense: ''lathanna, lathair, ...''
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|
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| Examples: ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher), ''Lù ìon'' (It's blue)
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|
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| As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs:
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|
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| :''Dhùbhòinn lù d'èinteach.'' (The teacher is sleeping.)
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| :''Lamh de nachtach fhòdhan.'' (We're hunting the game.)
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|
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| ===Verbs===
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| The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from that of [[Old Bhadhagha]]. A modern Bhadhagha verb has only three principal parts: the present analytic, the future analytic, and the verbal noun.
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|
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| Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:
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|
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| <poem>
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| molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
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| molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
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| molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
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| molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
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| molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
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| molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
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| molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
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| molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
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| molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
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| molaigh mé -> molam "... who/that thank(s)"
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| Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"
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| </poem>
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|
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| The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...". Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.
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|
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| The future tense is derived from the Old Bhadhagha future tense:
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| <poem>
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| moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar, moltam, moltaobh
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| </poem>
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|
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| The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha. One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns may use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-t'', ''-ta/-te'', or ''-st''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.
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|
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| Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun.
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|
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| Verbs are negated with ''cha'' or ''chan''. In the past tense, ''cha do''-L is used.
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|
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| The imperative uses the bare present tense stem; imperative sentences are in the form verb + object.
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|
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| ==Syntax==
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| Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order. It is wh-in-situ.
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|
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| ===Faulty accusative===
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| The "faulty accusative" (as in Modern Standard Arabic) particle is ''am'', which is used for both definite and indefinite nouns. It is inserted before a noun after a head verb when there's a phrase between the head verb and the noun.
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|
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| For example:
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|
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| :''Shos h-aonca tua am u?'' (The head is ''h-aonca''; ''am'' is used because there is ''tua'' between ''h-aonca'' and ''u''.)
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| :DEF.man PST-feed-NPRO who AM he
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| :Who fed the man?
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|
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| Compare (with no ''am''):
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|
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| :''Shos laidh tua tann aoncach ___ u?'' (The head is ''aoncach'')
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| :DEF.man COP who after feed-VN he
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| :Who has fed the man?
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|
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| :''Shos h-aoncù ___ tua?'' (The head is ''h-aoncù'')
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| :DEF.man PST-feed-he who
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| :Whom did the man feed?
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|
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| ===Topic-prominence===
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| The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos am u (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)
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|
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| The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn am u (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)
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|
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| Not all sentences have topics.
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|
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| ===Relative clauses===
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|
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| Relative clauses work similarly. The resumptive pronoun ''mi'' is used to refer back to the head of the relative clause.
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|
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| Dhùbhòinn ri mhola shos am mi - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked RES)
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|
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| Dhùbhòinn ri mholam shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL RES thanked the man)
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|
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| Shois ri h-aoncam àr - The men who fed them (lit: the men REL RES fed them)
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|
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| Shois ri h-aoncar mi - The men who they fed (lit: the men REL they fed RES)
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|
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| The structure of a non-restrictive relative clause is: HEAD (topicalized) + COMMENT, just like an independent clause with a topic, except that the resumptive pronoun is used.
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|
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| :'''''Forgálóinn h-aoncam nà, lù tainn rìoladh.'''''
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| :''The composer, who fed me, has left.''
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|
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| ===Complement clauses===
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| The complementizer is ''mha''; complement clauses, by default, are VSO and have no topic.
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|
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| :'''''Linn càid mha dheàmha shaobh ri Praimhìn am shmodh.'''''
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| :''I know that Praimhìn's dog ate the bone.''
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|
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| It is not impossible to topicalize in a complement clause however:
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|
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| :'''''Ducnanna mha Shèinimh lac nòs ag Rhostairimh lac nuighil.'''''
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| :''I think Chick Corean is easy whereas Roshterian is hard.''
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|
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| One can also use ''le'' + subject to introduce a complement clause:
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|
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| :'''''Thobha Aladh liù am chrìgh.'''''
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| :''Aladh said he had gone.''
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|
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| Bhadhagha vocabulary includes many Camalic loans. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat).
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|
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| ==Example texts==
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| ===The North Wind and the Sun===
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| [to be edited]
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|
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| '''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Onn'''''
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|
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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|
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Talmic languages]] | | [[Category:Talmic languages]] |