|
|
| (240 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[Nurian/Lexicon]]
| | '''Nurian''' is a [[Ramanuric languages|Ramanuric]] language (related to [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]]) spoken in [[Verse:Tricin]]. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian. |
| | |
| {{Infobox language
| |
| |image =
| |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| |nativename = ''nūrimēn''
| |
| |pronunciation=
| |
| |region = Nūrē
| |
| |familycolor=PfK
| |
| |fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]]
| |
| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| |
| |fam3= Thensaric
| |
| |script={{PAGENAME}} script
| |
| |iso3=qnr
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| '''Nurian''' (''gaffēn nūrimēn'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Arabic. | |
| | |
| Numbers: cēmon, tithōr, nagge, δaube, salithe, thāmon, rōde, loθθe, bavve, ħiōr
| |
| | |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| Nurian is spoken in the western region of the continent called ''Cuadhlabh'' by Tigalls. It is easily the most conservative [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] language, though with signficant influence from Dwischric, in particular [[Dūsswaren]].
| |
| | |
| ==Historical phonology==
| |
| *''-m'' > ''-n''
| |
| *''-s'' > ''-h''
| |
| *Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu''
| |
| *''e ē ea eā'' > ''e ē ia iā'' /ʲa ʲaː ʲa ʲaː/
| |
| | |
| ===Cluster assimilations===
| |
| Double consonants become single word-initially.
| |
| *''pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl'' > ''ppi bbi mmi ffi cci ggi ngi''
| |
| *''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ''
| |
| *''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
| |
| *''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, cch, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
| |
| *''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, cch, ng, ħħ''
| |
| *''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
| |
| *''mr'' > ''rr''
| |
| *''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng''
| |
| *''mn'' > ''nn''
| |
| *''rC'' > ''CC''
| |
| *''lC'' > ''uC''/''iC''/'':C''
| |
| *''ct'' > ''tt''
| |
| | |
| ==Numbers==
| |
| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| The Nurian consonant inventory contains around 57 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. Nurian is quite phonologically conservative among Talmic languages, preserving vowel length and gemination.
| |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. In compensation Nurian is rich in geminate consonants; word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /r/, /h/ and vowels are allowed.
| |
| | |
| ===Dagȳne accent===
| |
| | |
| ====Consonants====
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)'''
| |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
| |
| !colspan="2" | Labial
| |
| !colspan="2" | Dental
| |
| !colspan="2" | Alveolar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
| |
| !colspan="2" | Velar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Radical
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"| Nasal
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''mh''' m̊ˠ || '''mhi''' m̊ʲ
| |
| | '''nh''' n̪̊ˠ ||
| |
| | || '''nhi''' n̊ʲ
| |
| |
| |
| | '''nghi''' ŋ̊ʲ
| |
| | '''ngh''' ŋ̊
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''m''' mˠ || '''mi''' mʲ
| |
| | '''n''' n̪ˠ ||
| |
| | || '''ni''' nʲ
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ngi''' ŋʲ
| |
| | '''ng''' ŋ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="3" | Stop
| |
| !<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| |
| | '''t''' t̪ˠ ||
| |
| | || '''ti''' tʲ
| |
| | '''ċi''' tʃ
| |
| | '''ci''' kʲ
| |
| | '''c''' k
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| |
| | '''th''' t̪ˠʰ ||
| |
| | || '''thi''' tʲʰ
| |
| | '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| |
| | '''chi''' kʲʰ
| |
| | '''ch''' kʰ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| |
| | '''d''' d̪ˠ ||
| |
| | || '''di''' dʲ
| |
| | '''ġi''' dʒ
| |
| | '''gi''' ɡʲ
| |
| | '''g''' ɡ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ
| |
| | '''θ''' θˠ || '''θi''' θʲ
| |
| | '''s''' sˠ || '''si''' sʲ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ħ, ħi''' ħ
| |
| | '''h, hi''' h
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ
| |
| | '''δ''' ðˠ || '''δi''' ðʲ
| |
| | '''z''' zˠ || '''zi''' zʲ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| Trill
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | '''rh''' r̥ˠ || '''rhi''' r̥ʲ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | '''r''' rˠ || '''ri''' rʲ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| Lateral
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | '''lh''' l̥ˠ ||
| |
| | || '''lhi''' l̥ʲ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | '''l''' lˠ ||
| |
| | || '''li''' lʲ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Approximant
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| |
| |
| | '''j''' j
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ȝ, ȝi''' ʕ
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ;Notes
| |
| *Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
| |
| *All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).
| |
| *All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
| |
| */tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
| |
| */tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
| |
| */θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
| |
| */sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
| |
| */rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
| |
| */rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
| |
| */lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
| |
| */lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
| |
| */ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
| |
| */tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
| |
| *Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
| |
| */ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
| |
| */ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
| |
| */h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
| |
| | |
| ====Vowels====
| |
| Nurian has three short and three long monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style=""|
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| |
| | /iː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | /ʊ/
| |
| | /uː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
| |
| | [ɛ~æ]
| |
| | [æː]
| |
| | /a/
| |
| | /aː/
| |
| | [ɑ]
| |
| | [ɑː]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Diphthongs:''' /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ/
| |
| | |
| ;Notes
| |
| *Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
| |
| */a aː/ each have three allophones:
| |
| **[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
| |
| **[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
| |
| *Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]
| |
| | |
| ===Fiuġġēra accent===
| |
| The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.
| |
| *θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
| |
| *Non-rhotic
| |
| ====Consonants====
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes (Fiuġġēra)'''
| |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
| |
| !colspan="2" | Labial
| |
| !colspan="2" | Dental
| |
| !colspan="2" | Alveolar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
| |
| !colspan="2" | Velar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Radical
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>soft</small>
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"| Nasal
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | m̊ʶ || m̊
| |
| | n̥ʶ ||
| |
| | || n̥
| |
| |
| |
| | ɲ̊
| |
| | ŋ̊
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | mʶ || m
| |
| | n̪ʶ ||
| |
| | || n
| |
| |
| |
| | ɲ
| |
| | ŋʶ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="3" | Stop
| |
| !<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | pʶ || p
| |
| | tʶ ||
| |
| | || t
| |
| | tʃ
| |
| | k
| |
| | kʶ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | pʶʰ || pʰ
| |
| | tʶʰ ||
| |
| | || tʰ
| |
| | tʃʰ
| |
| | kʰ
| |
| | kʶʰ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | bʶ || b
| |
| | dʶ ||
| |
| | || d
| |
| | dʒ
| |
| | g
| |
| | ɡʶ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | fʶ || f
| |
| | || θ
| |
| | sʶ || s
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | ħ
| |
| | h
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | vʶ ||
| |
| | || ð
| |
| | zʶ || z
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| Trill
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | r̥ʶ || r̥
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | rʶ || r
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| Lateral
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ɬʶ ||
| |
| | || ɬ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | || l
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Approximant
| |
| | wʶ || w
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| |
| |
| | j
| |
| |
| |
| | ʕ
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| ;Notes
| |
| *Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.
| |
| | |
| ==Orthography==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ '''Consonants'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Grapheme
| |
| !''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''θ''!!''δ''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Hard
| |
| |/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/ħ/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/h/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/j/
| |
| |-
| |
| !Soft
| |
| |/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ tʰˠ tʰʲ tʃʰ kʰ m̊ˠ m̊ʲ n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ l̥ˠ l̥ʲ r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written {{angbr|''ph th ch mh nh ngh lh rh''}}.
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| | |
| {{col-begin}}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| *''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
| |
| *''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː]
| |
| *''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
| |
| *''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
| |
| *''y'': hard /ɪ/ [ë]
| |
| *''y'': hard /iː/
| |
| *''o, u'': hard /ʊ/
| |
| *''ō'': hard /uɔ/
| |
| *''ū'': hard /uː/
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| *''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ]
| |
| *''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː]
| |
| *''iai'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
| |
| *''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
| |
| *''i'': soft /ɪ/
| |
| *''ī'': soft /iː/
| |
| *''io, iu'': soft /ʊ/
| |
| *''iō'': soft /uɔ/
| |
| *''iū'': soft /uː/
| |
| *''ie'': soft /iə/
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Sgv-clv-plv system.
| |
| | |
| ===Nouns and adjectives===
| |
| ====Masculine nouns====
| |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''θȳron'' 'bird'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''θȳron'' || ''θoθȳron'' || ''θȳrīh''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''θȳrai'' || ''θoθȳrai'' || ''θȳrinny''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Feminine nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''gondā'' || ''gogondā'' || ''gondār''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''gondām'' || ''gogondām'' || ''gondāsa''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Neuter nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''tettȳ'' 'child'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''tetty'' || ''tetetty'' || ''tettȳn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''tettyh'' || ''tetettyh'' || ''tettȳr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Mass nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="4" | ''jenā'' 'water' (n.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''jenā'' || ''jenenā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''jenaȝeh'' || ''jenenaȝeh''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| Verbs do not conjugate as such - information is mostly marked on the clitic complex.
| |
| | |
| ''aon-. n-?'' = present
| |
| | |
| *''nanih, nar, nan, nasi, na, namā, nante, naċċhe, natih'' 'I do, thou dost, he does, she does, it does, we (exc) do, we (inc) do, ye do, they do'
| |
| | |
| ''lhi-'' = preterite
| |
| | |
| *''lhinih, lhir, lhin, lhisi, lhi, lhimā lhinte, lhiċċhe, lhitih''
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Conlangs]]
| |