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| :[[Bhadhagha/Lexicon]]
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| :[[Bhadhagha/Swadesh list]]
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| :[[Bhadhagha/Names]]
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| '''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''An Bhadhagha'' /a bʰadʰagʰa/, or colloquially just ''Bhadhagha''; ''bhadhagha'' is from a Camalic language) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] spoken on Bhadhagha Island off the west of Western Etalocin; its only surviving relative is [[Roshterian]] spoken in Northeast Etalocin. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Sanskrit. | | {{list subpages}} |
| | {{Infobox language |
| | |image = |
| | |imagesize = |
| | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] |
| | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| | |nativename =a joaþ Voainjŵ |
| | |pronunciation= |
| | |region = Skella, in Talma |
| | |familycolor=PfK |
| | |fam1= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]] |
| | |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] |
| | |fam3= Thensaric |
| | |fam4= Tigolic |
| | |iso3= |
| | |script=Talmic script |
| | |notice=IPA |
| | }} |
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| | '''Vornian''' (''a joaþ Voainjŵ'' /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: ''Vornib'') is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]], closely related to [[Scellan]]. It is notable for its many vowels. |
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| | It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English. |
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| Bhadhagha grammar was created by [[User:Praimhín]].
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *''Praimhìn'' = Bhadhagha name
| | Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r |
| *''sphùrta'' = curiosity
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| *''Sthàna'' = Sie
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| *''Lanna srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing
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| *'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative)
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| *''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person
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| *''dèic'' (VN), ''deàmha'' (present tense, nonpronominal subject) = eat
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| *''Shos h-aonca tua hù?'' = Who fed the man? ''Shos h-aoncù tua?'' = Whom did the man feed?
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| Based on "literally read Irish".
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
| | *'''m n ṇ ñ''' /m n ɳ ŋ/ |
| |-
| | *'''b d ḍ g''' /p t{{den}} ʈ k/ |
| !colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal
| | *'''p t ʈ c''' /pʰ t{{den}}ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/ |
| |-
| | *'''f þ s x ṣ ll''' /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/ |
| !rowspan="3"|Nasal
| | *'''v ð z zj ẓ l''' /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/ |
| !<small>plain</small>
| | *'''ł r j''' /w ɾ j/ |
| | '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || ||
| | *bl /px/ etc. |
| |-
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| !<small>geminate</small>
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| | || '''nn''' nː || || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''mh''' mʱ || '''nh''' nʱ || || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="6"|Stop
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| !<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''c''' k ||
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ch''' kʰ ||
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| |-
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| !<small>prenasalized</small>
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| | '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''gc''' ᵑk ||
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''g''' g ||
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| |-
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| !<small>breathy voiced</small>
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| | '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''gh''' gʱ ||
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced prenasalized</small>
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| | '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''ng''' ᵑg ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="3"|Fricative
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| !<small>plain</small>
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| | '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || '''h''' h
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| |-
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''fh''' fʰ || '''sh''' sʰ || || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>prenasalized</small>
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| | '''mhf''' mʱf || '''nhs''' nʱs || || ||
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| |-
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| !rowspan="3"| Liquid
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| !<small>plain</small>
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| | || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>geminate</small>
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| | || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || ||
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| |-
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| !<small>breathy voiced</small>
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| | || '''lh''' lʱ || '''rh''' r̠ʱ || ||
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| |}
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| ====Mutations====
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| Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. All possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.
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| Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''nhs-''.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ì''' /iː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ù''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''è''' /eː/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''ò''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''à''' /aː/
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| |}
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| Diphthongs are all read as written.
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| '''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns===
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| The plural of nouns is always ''-a'' if the noun ends in a C, or ''-n'' if the noun ends in a V.
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| Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.
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| The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-N for plural nouns. Colloquial Bhadhagha may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s'').
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| <!--
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| casual bhadhagha could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle
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| h-eafhad = the cat
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| an h-eafhad = THE cat
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| an eafhad = (specifically) a cat
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| -->
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| The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri h-Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain h-Aodhàn''.
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| Prepositions inflect the same way as in Tíogall; however, 'we' forms tend to use ''-mh'' and 'it' forms tend to use ''-è''. ''ri'' uses the inflected forms of ''le'' (to): my = ''ri lion'', your = ''ri leis'', ... Casual Bhadhagha developed a new inflectional paradigm for ''ri'': ''rìon, rìs, riù, rì, rè, rìomh, rìoc, rìor, rìom''.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives inflect similarly to nouns.
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| Attributive adjectives agree in mutation with the noun if the noun is definite. For example: "a black cat" is ''eafhad flumh'' and "the black cat" is ''(an) h-eafhad fhlumh''.
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| ===Copula===
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| Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects as follows:
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| Present tense: ''lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh'' -- and ''laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
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| Past tense: ''g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh'' -- and ''g'laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
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| Future tense: ''lathanna, lathair, ...''
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| Examples: ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher), ''Lù ìon'' (It's blue)
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| As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: ''Laidh (an) dhùbhòinn d'èinteach'' (The teacher is sleeping).
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| ===Verbs===
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| The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from Tíogall, and much closer to [[Äivö]].
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| For one thing, Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:
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| <poem>
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| molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
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| molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
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| molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
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| molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
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| molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
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| molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
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| molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
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| molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
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| molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
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| molaigh mé -> molam "... who/that thank(s)"
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| Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"
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| </poem>
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| The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...", which also survives in Äivö. Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.
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| The future tense however has a special set of suffixes, derived from the Old Tíogall future tense:
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| <poem>
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| moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar, moltam, moltaobh
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| </poem>
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| The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha (more so than in Tíogall). One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns may use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-ta/-te'' or ''-st''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.
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| Bhadhagha is not split-ergative, unlike Tíogall.
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| Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun.
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| Verbs are negated with ''cha'' or ''chan'' which is borrowed from Camalic (whereas Tíogall uses ''ní''-L). In the past tense, ''cha do''-L is used.
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| ==Syntax==
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| Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order. It is wh-in-situ, unlike Tíogall.
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| The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù am dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos am hù (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)
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| The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù am shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn am hù (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)
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| ===Relative clauses===
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| Relative clauses work similarly. The resumptive pronoun ''mi'' is used to refer back to the head of the relative clause.
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| Dhùbhòinn ri mhola am shos (mi) - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked RES)
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| Dhùbhòinn ri mholam am shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL RES thanked the man)
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| Shois ri h-aoncam am hàr - The men who fed them (lit: the men REL RES fed them)
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| Shois ri h-aoncar am mi - The men who they fed (lit: the men REL they fed RES)
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| ===Constituent order===
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| The "faulty accusative" particle is ''am'', which is used for both definite and indefinite nouns.
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| The complementizer is ''bhà''; complement clauses usually are VSO and have no topic.
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| :'''''Lion càid bhà dheàmha shaobh ri Sthàna am shmodh.'''''
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| :''I know that your dog ate the bone.''
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| Bhadhagha uses native or Camalic words where Tíogall uses Netagin words; for example the word for school is ''suar-dùbhach'' 'house of learning' in Bhadhagha and ''tarsúdh'' in Tíogall. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat), where Tíogall has ''zár'' from Netagin.
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| ==Future Bhadhagha==
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| The dominant Talmic language in postmodern Smaoch, known as ''an Bhadhagha shearn'', is derived from the Uithfeasaimh dialect of Bhadhagha. It has a simplified vowel system (fewer diphthongs) and a palatalization distinction in some consonants. (But it shouldn't be Irish gibby!) It also has a lot of loanwords from [Future Xaetjeon].
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| ==Example texts==
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| ===The North Wind and the Sun===
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| [to be edited]
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| '''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Unn'''''
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Talmic languages]] | | [[Category:Talmic languages]] |