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| [[Windermere/Lexicon]]
| | ==Ancient== |
| | ==Mărotłite literature== |
| | ==Gweats Era== |
| | ==Fnüeng Era== |
| | ==Middle Windermere literature== |
| | * Etsoj Jopah |
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| [[Windermere/Swadesh list]]
| | ==Modern Windermere literature== |
| | | Post-Revival |
| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = չէıɱ Ֆ·ժ›ƍᶑ<br/>brits Lăcoaf
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| |pronunciation=
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| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
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| |region = Talma
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| |familycolor=tergetic
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| |fam1=Tergetic
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| |script={{PAGENAME}} script
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| |iso3=
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| '''Classical Windermere''' (native name: ''brits Lăcoaf'' /brits ʟəkoəv/, Eevo: ''Lycóov Yvẃr'' 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Lăcoaf spoken in the historically Windermere territories (''Wen Dămea'') It is based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to [[Eevo]] and other Talman languages.
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| See also [[Rhythoed]].
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| ==Introduction==
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| Windermere was originally created by [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] for the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. It is currently being revived and adapted for [[Verse:Tricin]] as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned. It is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. Aesthetically it's also inspired by [[Tíogall]], one of my old sketches.
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| ==Todo==
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| *Eevo-ish grammar but more synthetic
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| *Need a "causative"
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| *find a good incopyfix verbalizer
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| *Grammar: Salish/Eevo
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| Neutral:
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| :''Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.''
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| :sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
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| :Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
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| Focused:
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| :''Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.''
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| :DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
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| :It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
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| :''Düeth id-lun.''
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| :naked DIR-king
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| :The king is naked.
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| ===Avoid===
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| *''șoa'' or ''șo'a'' or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew
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| ==Phonology of Windermerean Windermere==
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| ===Orthography===
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| ====Consonants====
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| *Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
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| *Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
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| *Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ ["sin dot"] Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
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| *Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
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| ====Vowels====
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| The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
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| *· : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Lateral
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''c''' /k/
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| | <b>'</b> /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
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| | '''ts''' /ts̻/
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| | '''tł''' /tɬ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>spirant</small>
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| | '''f''' /f~v/
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| | '''th''' /θ~ð/
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| | '''ch''' /x/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>nonspirant</small>
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| | '''s''' /s̻/
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| | '''ł''' /ɬ/
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| | '''ș''' /s̺~ʃ/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Resonant
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| | '''l''' /l~ɫ/
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| | '''y''' /j/
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| |}
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| The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
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| ===Vowels===
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| These are the realization of vowels in Windermerean Windermere:
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Monophthongs
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ü''' /y/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''ă''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| |}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Diphthongs
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''ie''' /iə/
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| | '''üe''' /yə/
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| | '''ua''' /uə/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ea''' /eə/
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| | '''oa''' /oə/
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| |}
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| {{col-end}}
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| ;Notes
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| */ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
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| Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels '''ah eh ih oh uh üh''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became '''e ea ie oa ua üe''' in Classical Winderemre.
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| ===Stress===
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| Stress is invariably final.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
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| ==Morphology==
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| Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.
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| ===Old Windermere===
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| ====Sandhi====
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| Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Rhythoed.
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| *ths -> st, as in ''sehf'' (go) -> *''thsehf'' -> ''stehf'' (to drive) (Rhythoed ''binsteaf'' (energy), ''sămteaf'' (to energize))
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| Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated.
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| ====Some prefixes==== | |
| Old Windermere had the following prefixes:
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| *''th-'' (causative; denominal verbs)
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| *''p-'' (agentive)
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| ** ''da'' (know) -> ''pda'' (master; also ''pda'' in Rhythoed)
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| *''ha-'' (passive)
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| Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in Rhythoed as ''sner''.
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| ===Nouns===
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| ''im-'' is used as the plural prefix.
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| The case markers are the following:
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| *''id'': nominative
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| *''u'': accusative
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| *''mi-'': locative
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| *''ya-'': comitative
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| *''șa-'': allative
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| *''faC-'': from
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| *''tsip'' : without
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| *''fe'': by (passive)
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| ===Pronouns===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !|
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| !I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)!!they (inan.)
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| |-
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| !|Nominative
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| |''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tan''||''tsa''||''bang''||''ngea''||''ănam''||''tănam''
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| |-
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| !|Accusative
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| |''grie''||''găłen''||''găłes''||''cin''||''cis''||''dan''||''gătsa''||''găbang''||''găngea''||''cănam''||''dănam''
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| |}
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| After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
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| ===Demonstratives===
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| *this: __ se
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| *that: __ fi
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| *here: rădun se, runse (casual)
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| *there: rădun fe, rumfe (casual)
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| *who: ășak ra, ășra (casual)
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| *what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
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| *where: rădun ra, runra (casual)
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| *when sngith ra, sngithra (casual)
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| *how li-tănsü ra; litra in casual speech
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| *all tsor (preposed)
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| *many mea (preposed)
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| *some tăchung (preposed)
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| *few łüp (preposed)
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| *other nătha
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| ===Verbs===
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| Lăcoaf verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense.
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| The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.
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| In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
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| Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
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| <!--
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| ====Personal inflection====
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| The personal affixes are prefixes, and they index the direct case argument. For example:
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! !!''rie''!!''łen''!!''łes''!!''in''!!''is''!!''tan''!!''tsal''!!''bang''!!''ngea''!!''uob''!!''tuob''
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| ! ''dur'' 'sit'
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| |'''''ră'''dur''||'''''łe'''dur''||'''''łe'''dur''||''dur''||''dur''||''dur''||'''''tsa'''dur''||'''''ba'''dur''||'''''nge'''dur''||''dur''||''dur''
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| |-
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| ! ''plang'' 'stand'
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| |'''''ră'''plang''||'''''łe'''plang''||'''''łe'''plang''||''plang''||''plang''||''plang''||'''''tsa'''plang''||'''''ba'''plang''||'''''nge'''plang''||''plang''||''plang''
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| |}
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| -->
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| ====Aspect====
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| Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
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| Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
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| *habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''ta-'' for others
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| *perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''em-'' for others
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| *prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
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| *momentane = ''bla-''
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| *progressive = ''ăL-''
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| *gnomic = ''FăL-''
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| *frequentative = ''FeLFă-''
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| *inchoative/inceptive = ''oLFă-''
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| *graduative = ''tăFa-''
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| ====Intensive====
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| *''thu-'' = intensive prefix
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost idenitcally to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *‹''aL''› incopyfixation = nom'zer for underived verbs; ‹''am''› = nom'zer for verbs ending in vowel
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| *''bin-'' = nominalizer for derived verbs
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| *''hăl-'' = nominalizer for adjectives
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| *''sa-'' = nominalizer
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| *''și-'' = negation
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| *''ing-'' = verbalizer
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| *''yăn-'' = adjectivizer
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| *''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Rhythoed)
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| *''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
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| *''bo-'' = adjectivizer for verbs
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| TODO: verbalizers, "adjectivizers" ("X-like", "characterized by X")
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| *Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
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| **''hălwier'' = '-logy' (lit. "beauty of")
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| **''wang'' = 'matter, affairs'
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| ===="Trigger" verb affixes====
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| These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes by Classical Windermere times.
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| *Core triggers
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| **''‹ăc›'' = Patient trigger [telic]
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| **''‹ră›'' = Patient trigger [atelic]
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| **''‹ăs›'' = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
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| **''‹ăb›'' = Reflexive trigger
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| *Applicative triggers - these meanings are not always literal. Without an explicit direct case argument, these verbs must be nominalized.
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| **''‹ăn›'' = Applicative trigger
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| **''‹ith›'' = Locative trigger
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| **''‹ăng›'' = Instrumental trigger
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| **''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
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| **''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
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| **''‹ăm›'' = Source/cause trigger
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| **''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive/purpose trigger
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| **''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| The basic word order of Lăcoaf is DIRECT-VERB-INDIRECT - if there is no direct case argument for the trigger to act upon then the word order is VERB-INDIRECT. This should help promote the "focus-first"/"predicate-first" word order in Eevo.
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| There is a preverbal negative particle ''die''.
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| ===Time clauses===
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| For a non-finite time clause, ''mi-'' + verbal noun may be used.
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| ===Relative clauses===
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| ''mo-'' = relativizer
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| *often combined with the complementizer: ''mong''
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| ===Complement clauses===
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| ''nga'' = complementizer
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| ===Reason clauses===
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| ===Verbal noun clauses===
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
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