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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ɛ/ is a tonal [[Wiobic languages|Wiobic language]].
:[[Æ/Lexicon]]


==Introduction==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''jạrˀ Æ'' [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is an [[Verse:Angai|Angai]]an monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).
Æ is meant to be the tonal language which I always wanted in Tricin - one evolved from a nontonal, vaguely Germanic language. It has several obvious nods to Danish, such as the spelling, stød as part of a register tone system, and pharyngealized vowels.


==Phonology==
== Diachronics sketch ==
===Consonants===
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ
'''p t tj k f s h m n nj ng l zj r v j''' /p t c k f s x m n ɲ ŋ l ɹ ʀ v j/


===Vowels===
== Broad phonology ==
=== Initials ===
'''b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0''' /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
=== Medials ===
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.
|-
 
! rowspan="3" |
=== Vowels ===
! colspan="4" |Front
Nuclei: i y u ů e ø o æ æ̊ a å /i y ɨ u e ø o ɛ œ æ ɔ/
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Central
 
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Back
=== Finals ===
|-
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m /-0 -j -w -ð{{lowered}}ˠ -ɐ̯ -ⁿ -w{{tilde}}/
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
==== Origins of finals ====
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
|-
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
* -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
 
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
 
|-
=== Tones ===
! style="" |Close
8 tones, 2 of which have stød
| '''i''' /i/
==== Tone box ====
| '''ir''' /iˤ/
Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)
|
{| class="wikitable"
|
!
| '''u''' /ɨ/
!A (null/voiced coda)
| '''ur''' /ɨˤ/
!B (glottal stop coda)
| '''ů''' /u/
!C (fricative coda)
| '''ůr''' /uˤ/
!D (voiceless stop coda)
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
!Modal initial
| '''e''' /e/
|a
| '''er''' /eˤ/
|á
| '''ø''' /øˤ/
|ả
| '''ør''' /øˤ/
|áˀ
|  
|  
| '''o''' /o/
| '''or''' /oˤ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
!Breathy initial
| '''æ''' /ɛ/
|à
| '''ær''' /ɛˤ/
|ạ
| '''æ̊''' /œ/
|ã
| '''æ̊r''' /œˤ/
|ạˀ
| '''a''' /a/
| '''ar''' /aˤ/
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| '''år''' /ɔˤ/
|}
|}


===Tones===
== Narrow phonology ==
Æ has four register phonations or tones:
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
== Grammar ==
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} tones'''
=== Polar questions ===
|-
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.
! Spelling
:''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd med blảj Æ?'' / ''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd blảj Æ med?''  
! Tone
: 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
! Example
: Are you Æ?
! IPA
! Meaning
|-
| unmarked
| modal
| ''hæ̊''
| /hœ/
| echo
|-
| ƨ
| stød (weak glottalization)
| ''hæ̊ƨ''
| /hœˀ/
| steep
|-
| з
| breathy
| ''hæ̊з''
| /hœʱ/
| to stretch
|-
| ч
| checked (strong glottalization)
| ''hæ̊ч''
| /hœʔ/
| to make a mistake
|}


==Morphology==
== Poetry ==
TODO: "erhua"
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form


*''hæ̊ч'' /hœʔ/ 'to make a mistake' > ''hæ̊rч hæ̊rч'' /hœˤʔ hœˤʔ/ 'peccadillo'
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 16:35, 25 November 2024

Æ/Lexicon

Æ (natively jạrˀ Æ [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ eh) is an Angaian monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).

Diachronics sketch

Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ

Broad phonology

Initials

b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0 /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/

Medials

-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.

Vowels

Nuclei: i y u ů e ø o æ æ̊ a å /i y ɨ u e ø o ɛ œ æ ɔ/

Finals

-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m /-0 -j -w -ð̞ˠ -ɐ̯ -ⁿ -w̃/

Origins of finals

  • -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
  • -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)

(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)

Tones

8 tones, 2 of which have stød

Tone box

Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)

A (null/voiced coda) B (glottal stop coda) C (fricative coda) D (voiceless stop coda)
Modal initial a á ả áˀ
Breathy initial à ạ ã ạˀ

Narrow phonology

Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible

Grammar

Polar questions

Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.

Mæ̣rˀ húd med blảj Æ? / Mæ̣rˀ húd blảj Æ med?
2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
Are you Æ?

Poetry

Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form

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