West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions
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In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. | In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished. | The West Carpathian language has no gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished. | ||
===Cases=== | ===Cases=== | ||
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below: | West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below: | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Tuare 2, | |+ Tuare 2, piärä - "bark" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Case | ! rowspan="2" | Case | ||
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! sg !! pl | ! sg !! pl | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || '' | | [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''piärä'' || ''piäräk'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || '' | | [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''piäreä'' || ''piärämme'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || '' | | [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''piärui'' || ''piärädui'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || '' | | [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''piäräid'' || ''piärīd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || '' | | [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''piärēn'' || ''piäräkēn'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Tuare 5, | |+ Tuare 5, lākō - "small" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Case | ! rowspan="2" | Case | ||
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! sg !! pl | ! sg !! pl | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || '' | | [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lākō'' || ''laok'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || '' | | [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lākauta'' || ''laomma'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || '' | | [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lākauju'' || ''lākōdū'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid'' | | [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || '' | | [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lākavōn'' || ''laovkōn'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| näisemēn | | näisemēn | ||
| näissinnä | | näissinnä | ||
| - | | -ssi | ||
| to be able to swim | | to be able to swim | ||
|- | |- | ||