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* Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel: | * Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel: | ||
:* /h₁e/ → /e/ | :* /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/ | ||
:* /h₂e/ → /a/ | :* /h₂e/ → /a/ | ||
:* /h₃e/ → /o/ | :* /h₃e/ → /o/ | ||
Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
===Early Proto-Lúsanic=== | ===Early Proto-Lúsanic=== | ||
* Loss of laryngeals by vocalisation between two plosives (CHC > CVC) | |||
*: /h₁/ → /i/ | |||
*: /h₂/ → /a/ | |||
*: /h₃/ → /o/ | |||
* Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge: | * Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge: | ||
:* /kʷ/ → /kw/ | :* /kʷ/ → /kw/ | ||
Line 37: | Line 41: | ||
:* /st/ → /ss/ | :* /st/ → /ss/ | ||
:* /sk/ → /ss/ | :* /sk/ → /ss/ | ||
* *m becomes *n before dentals and at the end of words. | * *m becomes *n before dentals and at the end of words. | ||
Line 53: | Line 56: | ||
===Proto-Lúsanic=== | ===Proto-Lúsanic=== | ||
* Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants: | * Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants except if blocked by preceding *Vr: | ||
:* /m̩/ → /am/ | :* /m̩/ → /am/ | ||
:* /n̩/ → /an/ | :* /n̩/ → /an/ | ||
:* /l̩/ → /al/ | :* /l̩/ → /al/ | ||
:* /r̩/ → /ar/ | :* /r̩/ → /ar/ | ||
* Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables: | |||
*: /CáC/ → /Cā́C/ | |||
* labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically: | * labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically: | ||
Line 87: | Line 93: | ||
:* /hr/ → /r/ | :* /hr/ → /r/ | ||
* Merger of *sp into *ss | |||
<references group ='*'> | <references group ='*'> | ||
<ref name='rhotacism'>Only word medial in Finian</ref> | <ref name='rhotacism'>Only word medial in Finian</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
===Examples=== | |||
{| class='wikitable' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|PIE | |||
!rowspan="2"|Proto-Lusanic | |||
!colspan="2"|Example | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Lusanic | |||
! Descendants | |||
|- | |||
|*p | |||
|*p | |||
|pátēr | |||
|Dh. ''pathair'' | |||
|- | |||
|*t | |||
|*t | |||
|túsdandi | |||
|Dh. ''tasandh'' | |||
|- | |||
|*k | |||
|*k | |||
|káptōd | |||
|Fin. ''haftaa'' (< earlier *''kaftaa'') | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Noun=== | |||
A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white" | |||
! colspan="5"| pátēr (Brightraven 2013) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Nominative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátēr, *~īr || colspan="2" | páteris | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Vocative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátre || colspan="2" | páteris | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Genitive | |||
| colspan="2" | pátaris || colspan="2" | pātaroun | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Accusative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátern || colspan="2" | pā́terans | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Dative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Ablative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarad || colspan="2" | pátaribhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátaribhī | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Locative | |||
| colspan="2" | pátarei || colspan="2" | pátarais | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white" | |||
! colspan="5"| yúgon (Brightraven 2013) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#99DEFF" colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Nominative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Vocative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Genitive | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgis || colspan="2" | yúgoun | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Accusative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgon || colspan="2" | yúgā | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Dative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgibhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Ablative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgad || colspan="2" | yúgibhos | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yugibhī | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Locative | |||
| colspan="2" | yúgei || colspan="2" | yúgais | |||
|} | |||
===Pronoun=== | |||
===Verb=== | |||
Loss of the middle voice r-endings. | |||
Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-. | |||
====Copula==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Person | |||
! Present<br/>indicative | |||
! Imperfect<br/>indicative | |||
! Optative | |||
! Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st singular | |||
| *ísani | |||
| *ásan | |||
| *ísjēn | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd singular | |||
| *íssi | |||
| *ís | |||
| *isjēs | |||
| *ísdʰi | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd singular | |||
| *ísti | |||
| *íst | |||
| *isjēt | |||
| *ístu | |||
|- | |||
! 1st dual | |||
| *swús | |||
| *swé | |||
| *sī́we | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd dual | |||
| *ístes | |||
| *íston | |||
| *íston | |||
| *íston | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd dual | |||
| *ístes | |||
| *ístān | |||
| *ístān | |||
| *ístān | |||
|- | |||
! 1st plural | |||
| *sámos | |||
| *ísan | |||
| *sīn | |||
| — | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd plural | |||
| *ísti | |||
| *ísti | |||
| *sī́ti | |||
| *ísti | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd plural | |||
| *ásandi | |||
| *sánad | |||
| *sjánad | |||
| *sándu | |||
|} | |||
==Numerals== | |||
* 'one': | |||
* 'two': | |||
* 'three': | |||
* 'four': ''*wetwōr'' (> Finian {{sc|vissaa}} ''wissâ'', Limbe ωλυηρ ''ōluār'', Dhannuá uéduór ) | |||
* 'five': ''*pennwe'' (> Old Dhannuá PENVE ''penwe'', Finian {{sc|finni}} ''finni'') | |||
* 'six': | |||
* 'seven': | |||
==Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Lusanic== | |||
Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic. | |||
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Bhitar Morningway<ref name="bhitar"></ref>) | |||
:: [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét. | |||
:''Proto-Lusanic'' (Ivanin Aiduvitić<ref name="ivanin"></ref>) | |||
:: [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget. | |||
:''Late Proto-Lusanic'' (Karl Svensson<ref name="karl"></ref>) | |||
:: [Wórei̯] Úis, ū́ziswe, úzi̯o ulanā ne ísti, ū́ans spéket, éūn wórun wúghon wóghondan, éūnwe mághan bhóron, éūnwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Úis nu ūobhos wū́t: kḗr aghana moi̯ ū́ins agondan néran wídandei̯. Úīs tu wūnt: lúdhi, úi, kḗr aghana ánasmei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, ūi̯on rō ūlanān swébhi wórnūdi nu wóramon wóstaron néghi ūi̯on ŭlanā ísti. Tód lūs úis nu agron bhúget. | |||
===Notes=== | |||
<ref name="bhitar">Better do this in the morning, eh?</ref> | |||
<ref name="ivanin">Aiduvitić harshly criticised Morningway's reconstruction in '''Why Morningway is Wrong: An unhealthy focus on Finio-Dhannic vocalism''' and was the first to derive forms including Limbe-Mereian data.</ref> | |||
<ref name="karl">Representing a late Proto-Lusanic dialect probably basal to the Finio-Dhannic branch with w-contamination.</ref> | |||
<references/> |
Latest revision as of 20:20, 11 March 2014
Proto-Lúsanic, also Proto-Lusanic, (sometimes abbreviated PLu.), is the reconstructed ancestral language of all the Lúsanian languages, including Aurónian, Finian and the Limbe-Mereian languages. Proto-Lúsanic is classified as being part of the “centum” languages (similarly to Italic, Celtic, Germanic, etc.), having merged the traditional palatovelar and plain series of the Proto-Indo-European plosives.
The reconstruction of Proto-Lúsanic is currently being undertaken but suffers from a lack of recorded sources as written material is mostly attested from one branch (Finio-Dhannic).
Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European
Late Proto-Indo-European
Many of these changes were shared by other branches of the Indo-European family.
- “Palatovelars” merge with the “plain” velars (centumization):
- /ḱ/ → /k/
- /ǵ/ → /g/
- /ǵʱ/ → /gʱ/
- Two adjacent dentals become *ss:
- /dt/ → /ss/
- /tt/ → /ss/
- /dd/ → /ss/
- metathesis of “thorn clusters” (TK > KT, e.g. *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos)
- Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:
- /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/
- /h₂e/ → /a/
- /h₃e/ → /o/
- Loss of laryngeals after a preceding vowel, lengthening and colouring it:
- /eh₁/ → /ē/
- /eh₂/ → /ā/
- /eh₃/ → /ō/
Early Proto-Lúsanic
- Loss of laryngeals by vocalisation between two plosives (CHC > CVC)
- /h₁/ → /i/
- /h₂/ → /a/
- /h₃/ → /o/
- Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:
- /kʷ/ → /kw/
- /gʷ/ → /gw/
- /gʷʱ/ → /gʱw/
- Sequences of *s + plosive simplify to *ss
- /st/ → /ss/
- /sk/ → /ss/
- *m becomes *n before dentals and at the end of words.
- /m̩d/ → /n̩d/
- /m̩t/ → /n̩t/
- /m#/ → /n#/
- Sequences of a nasal and velar reduce to *nn in a two-step process.
- velars turn into a nasal velar
- /nk/ → /nŋ/
- /ng/ → /nŋ/
- /ngʱ/ → /nŋ/
- nasal velars are de-velarized after a nasal
- /nŋ/ → /nn/
- velars turn into a nasal velar
Proto-Lúsanic
- Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants except if blocked by preceding *Vr:
- /m̩/ → /am/
- /n̩/ → /an/
- /l̩/ → /al/
- /r̩/ → /ar/
- Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables:
- /CáC/ → /Cā́C/
- labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically:
- /kw/ → /w/
- /gw/ → /w/
- Fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l:
- /kw/ → /hw/
- /gw/ → /hw/
- /gʱw/ → /hw/
- All words become stressed on the first syllable (e.g. *gʰortós → *gʰórtos)
- Lowering of *e to *a if the following syllable has *a (e.g *ésanti → *ásanti)
- Raising of *o after *w
- /wo/ → /wu/
- Voicing of plosives between a resonant and a vowel (RCV > RC+voicedV)
Late Proto-Lúsanic
These features spread somewhat unevenly among the daughter branches of Proto-Lúsanic, but still probably constituted a single intelligible dialect continuum.
- Voicing of word-medial and word-final *s
- /s/ → /z/ [* 1]
- Loss of word-initial *h when followed by a liquid
- /hl/ → /l/
- /hr/ → /r/
- Merger of *sp into *ss
- ^ Only word medial in Finian
Examples
PIE | Proto-Lusanic | Example | |
---|---|---|---|
Proto-Lusanic | Descendants | ||
*p | *p | pátēr | Dh. pathair |
*t | *t | túsdandi | Dh. tasandh |
*k | *k | káptōd | Fin. haftaa (< earlier *kaftaa) |
Morphology
Noun
A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem.
pátēr (Brightraven 2013) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | pátēr, *~īr | páteris | ||
Vocative | pátre | páteris | ||
Genitive | pátaris | pātaroun | ||
Accusative | pátern | pā́terans | ||
Dative | pátarei | pátaribhos | ||
Ablative | pátarad | pátaribhos | ||
Instrumental | pátarei | pátaribhī | ||
Locative | pátarei | pátarais |
yúgon (Brightraven 2013) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | yúgon | yúgā | ||
Vocative | yúgon | yúgā | ||
Genitive | yúgis | yúgoun | ||
Accusative | yúgon | yúgā | ||
Dative | yúgei | yúgibhos | ||
Ablative | yúgad | yúgibhos | ||
Instrumental | yúgei | yugibhī | ||
Locative | yúgei | yúgais |
Pronoun
Verb
Loss of the middle voice r-endings.
Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-.
Copula
Person | Present indicative |
Imperfect indicative |
Optative | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st singular | *ísani | *ásan | *ísjēn | — |
2nd singular | *íssi | *ís | *isjēs | *ísdʰi |
3rd singular | *ísti | *íst | *isjēt | *ístu |
1st dual | *swús | *swé | *sī́we | — |
2nd dual | *ístes | *íston | *íston | *íston |
3rd dual | *ístes | *ístān | *ístān | *ístān |
1st plural | *sámos | *ísan | *sīn | — |
2nd plural | *ísti | *ísti | *sī́ti | *ísti |
3rd plural | *ásandi | *sánad | *sjánad | *sándu |
Numerals
- 'one':
- 'two':
- 'three':
- 'four': *wetwōr (> Finian vissaa wissâ, Limbe ωλυηρ ōluār, Dhannuá uéduór )
- 'five': *pennwe (> Old Dhannuá PENVE penwe, Finian finni finni)
- 'six':
- 'seven':
Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Lusanic
Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic.
- Proto-Lusanic (Bhitar Morningway[1])
- [Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét.
- Proto-Lusanic (Ivanin Aiduvitić[2])
- [Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget.
- Late Proto-Lusanic (Karl Svensson[3])
- [Wórei̯] Úis, ū́ziswe, úzi̯o ulanā ne ísti, ū́ans spéket, éūn wórun wúghon wóghondan, éūnwe mághan bhóron, éūnwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Úis nu ūobhos wū́t: kḗr aghana moi̯ ū́ins agondan néran wídandei̯. Úīs tu wūnt: lúdhi, úi, kḗr aghana ánasmei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, ūi̯on rō ūlanān swébhi wórnūdi nu wóramon wóstaron néghi ūi̯on ŭlanā ísti. Tód lūs úis nu agron bhúget.
Notes
- ^ a b Better do this in the morning, eh?
- ^ a b Aiduvitić harshly criticised Morningway's reconstruction in Why Morningway is Wrong: An unhealthy focus on Finio-Dhannic vocalism and was the first to derive forms including Limbe-Mereian data.
- ^ a b Representing a late Proto-Lusanic dialect probably basal to the Finio-Dhannic branch with w-contamination.