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:''This article describes Classical Windermere. See [[Windermere/Modern]] for Modern Windermere.''
==Ancient==
==Mărotłite literature==
==Gweats Era==
==Fnüeng Era==
==Middle Windermere literature==
* Etsoj Jopah


[[Windermere/Lexicon]]<br/>
==Modern Windermere literature==
[[Windermere/Swadesh list]]<br/>
Post-Revival
[[Windermere/Names]]<br/>
[[Windermere/Diachronics]]
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = Classical {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = չէıɱ Ғ·ɟ˫ƍ<br/>brits Dămea
|pronunciation= 
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=tergetic
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
|fam2=Ashanic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Classical Windermere''' (native name: ''brits Dămea'' /brits dəˈmeə/; [[Skellan]]: ''a brits Dymée Yfẃr'' /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Imperial Windermere]] territories (''Wen Dămea''), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language [[Tseezh]] was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.
 
==Introduction==
Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] for the [[Fifth Linguifex Relay]]. It is currently being revived and adapted for [[Verse:Tricin]] as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than was originally envisioned. Aesthetically it's also inspired by Romanian and [[Tíogall]], one of my old Talmic sketches.
 
==Todo==
*Place name morphemes: frun-
*Infix allomorphs as in mi-ts{{angbr|mă}}chean
 
Neutral:
 
:''Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.''
:sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
:Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
 
Focused:
 
:''Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.''
:DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
:It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
 
:''Süeth id-păchnay.''
:naked DIR-king
:The king is naked.
 
<!-- Blacklist: ''șoa'' or ''șo'a'' or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew (thus no ''xoo'' in Skellan except by random change)
-->
 
Make more derivational use of aspects in Modern Wdm
 
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
====Consonants====
Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.
*Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
 
====Vowels====
The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
*· : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
 
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b~β/
| '''d''' /d~ð/
|
|
| '''g''' /g~ɣ/
|
|-
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p⁼/
| '''t''' /t⁼/
|
|
| '''c''' /k⁼/
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|
| '''ts''' /ts̪/
| '''tł''' /ts̺~ʈʂ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>spirant</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''th''' /θ/
|
|
| '''ch''' /x/
|
|-
! |<small>nonspirant</small>
|
| '''s''' /s̪/
| '''ł''' /s̺~ʂ/
| '''ș''' /ʃ/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l~ɫ~ɭ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}
 
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
 
===Vowels===
These are the realization of vowels in Classical Windermere:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+Monophthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ü''' /y/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /e/
|
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diphthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''ie''' /iə/
| '''üe''' /yə/
|
| '''ua''' /uə/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ea''' /eə/
|
|
| '''oa''' /oə/
|}
{{col-end}}
 
;Notes
*/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
 
Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels '''ah eh ih oh uh üh''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became '''ä ea ie oa ua üe''' in Classical Winderemre.
 
===Stress===
Stress is on the last syllable that does not have /ə/ as the vowel.
 
===Phonotactics===
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.
 
==Morphology==
Windermere morphology predominantly uses prefixes, infixes, and reduplication.
===Old Windermere===
====Sandhi====
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere.
 
*th + fric -> fric + t
**ths -> st, as in ''sehf'' (go) -> *''thsehf'' -> ''stehf'' (to drive) (Modern ''binsteaf'' (energy), ''sămteaf'' (to energize))
**thf -> thb, e.g. ''tăfi'' (laugh) -> ''*tithfi'' -> ''tithbi'' (mock) (Classical and Modern Wdm. ''dăfi'', ''dithbi'')
 
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol
 
====Some prefixes====
Old Windermere had the following prefixes:
*''th-'' (causative; denominal verbs)
*''p-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'')
**''da'' (know) -> ''păda'' (master; ''pda'' in Modern Windermere)
**''tüth'' (to grasp) -> ''pădüth'' (meaning, intention)
*''ha-'' (passive)
 
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as ''snär''.
 
===Nouns===
''im-'' is used as the plural prefix.
 
===Prepositions===
The case markers are the following:
*''id'': nominative
*''u'': accusative
*''mi-'': locative
*''ya-'': comitative
*''șa-'': allative
*''faC-'': from
*''tsip'' : without
*''fe'': by (passive)
*''ło-'': on
*''tăngap'': before
*''łăbie'': after
*''ba'': through
 
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!|
!I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)
|-
!|Nominative
|''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tsa''||''bang''||''łănam''||''ănam''
|-
!|Accusative
|''crie''||''căłen''||''căłes''||''cin''||''cis''||''cătsa''||''căbang''||''căłnam''||''cănam''
|}
 
Inanimates use demonstratives.
 
After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
 
===Demonstratives===
*this: __ se (adnominal); ''sed'' (pronominal)
*that: __ fi (adnominal); ''fid'' (pronominal)
*here: rădun se, dunse (casual)
*there: rădun fi, dumfi (casual)
*who: ășak ra, ășra (casual)
*what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
*where: rădun ra, dura (casual)
*when sngith ra, sngithra (casual)
*how li-tănsü ra; litra in casual speech
*all tsor (preposed)
*many mea (preposed)
*some tăchung (preposed)
*few łüp (preposed)
*other nătha
 
===Verbs===
Classical Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.
 
In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
 
Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
 
====Aspect====
Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
 
Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
*imperfective/stative = unmarked
*perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''em-'' for others
*prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
*momentane = ''bla-''
*progressive = ''ăL-''
*gnomic = ''FăL-''
*frequentative = ''eNFă-''
*inchoative/inceptive = ''oLă-''
*graduative = ''tăFa-''
 
====Intensive====
*''thu-'' = intensive prefix
 
====Voice affixes====
Voice affixes are obsolete in Modern Windermere.
*''‹ăc›'' = Dynamic passive
*''‹ră›'', ''‹wă›'' = Stative passive
*''‹ăb›'' = Reflexive
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
 
*''rech'' = comparative marker
*''nüep'' = superlative marker in Classical Windermere (replaced by ''hă'et'' in the modern form)
 
===Derivational morphology===
*TODO: another nominalizer?
*‹''i''› = nominalizer for underived verbs
*''bin-'' = nominalizer for derived verbs
*''hăl-'' = nominalizer for adjectives
*''sa-'' = nominalizer
*''di-'' = negation
*''ing-'' = verbalizer
*''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?)
*''yă-'' = adjectivizer
*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
*''bo-'' = adjectivizer for verbs
*{{angbr|''năr''}} could mean a past participle or a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
 
*Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
**''hălwier'' = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
**''wang'' = 'matter, affairs'
**''ngoth'' = 'manner, way'
**''ăma'' = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')
 
===="Trigger" verb affixes====
These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.
 
*''‹ăn/ăng›'' = Applicative trigger
*''‹ith›'' = Locative trigger
*''‹ăw›'' = Instrumental trigger
*''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
**''răfongüe'' 'to endow' < ''rüe'' 'to give'
*''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
*''‹ăm›'' = Source/cause trigger
*''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive/purpose trigger
*''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger
 
===Numbers===
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The basic word order of Windermere is VSO.
 
The question particle is ''lea'', which is preposed before the sentence.
 
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
There is a preverbal negative particle ''die''.
 
===Time clauses===
For a non-finite time clause, ''mi-'' + verbal noun may be used.
 
===Relative clauses===
''mo-'' = relativizer
*often combined with the complementizer: ''mong''
===Complement clauses===
''nga'' = complementizer
 
===Reason clauses===
===Verbal noun clauses===
 
==Example texts==
==="The Round Table", from the ''Imthumăytil''===
''Doan ngith, dur id tach chäth mi mogor lăytheath. Enwiets Păda Brăwied: "Mea ra łănam runse?"''
 
one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"
 
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
 
''Roac ăngnung imchäth nătha, emcă'aw doan: "Müeșrüch te-stiw: tsin tach mognas, șrüch te-stiw thräf, șrüch te-chloas chustiw..."''
 
when PROG-count PL-child other answer one: 63 because six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3
 
While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
 
''Łop enwiets Păda Brăwied: "Ǎna mea ra moach, srüe hădean do croth nătha?"''
 
then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"
 
Now Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
 
''Emcă'aw id ceth ăbay, "Op călu ho-bang tsor dăy'uag paleac, sach făbeang imdăy'uag nătha ya-croth mălem fi!"''
 
PFV-answer NOM child just "here, here to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person new that"
 
The child nonchalantly responded: "Well, we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"
 
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 24 January 2022

Ancient

Mărotłite literature

Gweats Era

Fnüeng Era

Middle Windermere literature

  • Etsoj Jopah

Modern Windermere literature

Post-Revival

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